Population Flashcards
______a group of interbreeding individuals within a given geographic area
Population
Finding population size through census at ______
Small Scales
sample a segment of the population and draw inference about
the larger population
Survey
To survey a population we use several _____ within a larger area
Small Plots
To survey animals methods
mark-recapture
individuals are captured and marked with something that can be read
at a future date
This is called
Mark-recapture
if the value is greater than 1
then the population is growing, if it is equal to 1 the population is stable
and if less than one the population is shrinking
finite rate of population growth
So if r is positive the population is
Growing
if it is zero the population is
Stable
if it negative then the population is
decreasing
movement of new individuals into the population (not in situ
reproduction is called
Immigration
movement of individuals out of the population (not death, but often
indistinguishable is called
Emigration
There are two basic theoretical models of population growth rate:
The _____ growth model and ______ growth model
exponential, logisitic
______Model assumes that nothing limits the growth of the population, that the population
will grow continuously
Exponential
the number of individuals in a population that can be
supported by the habitat
Carrying Capacity
If the population goes over the carrying capacity the population will
decline
changes in vital rates are due to stress or intraspecific
competition
Density dependent
changes in vital rates that are not due to the effects of
density
Density independent
The idea of density dependent mortality or reproduction comes from the
logistic model
______ feedback—stabilizes dynamics
negative
______ feedback—destabilizes dynamics
Positive
positive relationship between growth rate and density
Allee effect
means that the ecosystem could have supported more
prey individuals but they were eaten
Additive mortality
means that the individuals would not have survived
and reproduced anyway
Compensatory
there are multiple limiting factors of a population
but the factors are not in equilibrium
Transient maxima hypothesis
_______n-dimensional space that represents all the physical and biotic
conditions necessary for a species to occur
Niche
Vital rates influenced by two type of Stochasticity
What are they?
Demographic and Enviornmental
______ is unpredictable variation
Stochasticity
the inherent differences among individuals
in their probability of surviving and reproducing
Can be genetic in nature, some individuals more fit then others, or just
random variation, an individual builds its nest right next to a fox den
Demographic Stocasticity (acts more on individual level)
______changes in the expected probability of
survival and reproduction due to environmental variability
Changes in the environment affect the probability that an individual will survive
and reproduce
Cold weather can reduce the probability of survival
Enviornmnetal stochasitcy (acts more on pop level)
If the major food source of seals declines due to pollution or overfishing, which of the following would likely occur?
A)The carrying capacity of seals would decrease, as would the seal population
B) The carrying capacity of seals would decrease, but the seal population would remain the same.
C) The number of seal deaths would increase but the number of births would also increase, so the population size would remain the same.
D)The carrying capacity of seals would remain the same, but the population of seals would decrease.
A
The abundance of Imaginary Owls is influenced by their fox predators, their lemming prey, and the availability of their nesting sites. You would expect populations of this species to exhibit:
A)Exponential growth
B)Logistic growth
C)Serious paranoia
D)Unstable population sizes
B
Which of the following methods will tell an ecologist about both the size and density of a population?
A)mark and recapture
B)mark and release
C) quadrat
D)life table
A
Species with limited resources usually exhibit
a(n) \text{________} growth curve.
A)logistic
B) logical
C)experimental
D)exponential
A
Where in the logistic growth curve would one find the highest realized population growth rate
A) at the highest point
B) in the middle
C)at a low point
D) none of the above
C
A per-capita population growth rate (r) of 0.09 would indicate
A) a decreasing population
B) an increasing population
C) a stable population
D) an extinct population
B
Structured populations are those that
A)have relatively constant rates of mortality
B)are most sensitive to changes in survival of offspring
C) are most often found in highly productive biomesare most often found in highly productive biomes
D)have differential rates of mortality among age groups
D
Two ways to collect DATA for life tables is
Cohort and Static
_____follow the fate of all individuals born in a single year (or time period)
Cohort
_____determine the age at death for a large number of animals or extensive
survey of a population where the ages of each individual are determined
Static
Calculate the mortality probability (qx)
by
Dividing the number that die by the number that were present
Calculate the proportion
alive (lx) by
dividing the current number by the original population size
Death rate per capita
number that died (nx-nx+1, Just subtract the number in age 1 from the
number in age 0
Type 1 curves have
A) high juvenile survival but low at older ages
B) constant survival
C) low juvinile survival but low high adult survival
A
Type 2 curves have
A) high juvenile survival but low at older ages
B) constant survival
C) low juvinile survival but low high adult survival
B
Type 3 curves have
A) high juvenile survival but low at older ages
B) constant survival
C) low juvinile survival but low high adult survival
C
______selected species reproduce like mad, survival is a secondary consideration
the main drive of the population is to increase the population growth rate
R (fast)
___selected species reproduce more slowly and survival is at a premium
K (slow)
ast populations are most sensitive to
changes in ______
reproductive parameters
slow populations are
most sensitive to changes in _______
adult survival
Therefore, the vital rate(s) with the highest sensitivity are
those with the lowest variability
This is called
Canalization
selection acts on the ______ , ______, and ______ that lead to these vital rates
physiology, morphology, and
behaviors
Structured populations are those that
A) have relatively constant rates of mortality
B) are most sensitive to changes in survival of offspring
C) are most often found in highly productive biomesare most often found in highly productive biomes
D) have differential rates of mortality among age groups
D
A species with a slow (k-selected) life-history would likely be most sensitive to changes in
A)reproduction
B)juvenile survival
C) adult survival
D)number of offspring produced
C
Life tables where data are collected by following all members of a population for the duration of their lives
A)static
B)cohort
C) structured
D)stochastic
B
Life tables can be used to
A)calculate the population growth rate of structured populations
B)generate a life history curve using survivorship (lx)
C)calculate life expectancy
D)all of the above
D
Humans have a ____ life history
A) Type 1
B)Type 2
C)Type 3
D)Type 4
A
