Population and urban change in the UK Flashcards
Define natural population change
The change in population from birth and deaths only.
Define migration
The movement of people from one place to another.
Define social factors
Factors that relate to people’s health, lifestyle and community.
How is the rate of the UK’s population changing?
Growing
What social factors affect population change in the UK?
Healthcare
Marriage
Culture
Ageing population
How have social factors affected population change in the UK?
Healthcare, NHS so longer life expectancy + low infant mortality rates.
Marriage, people marry later so they do not have as many children.
Culture, people delay having children until their 30s so they then have less children.
Ageing population
A large amount of elderly people staying alive longer.
How have economic factors affected population change in the UK?
High cost of raising a family
Maternity pay
Career
What political factors affect population change in the UK?
Contraception
Maternity/paternity rights
Migration
Vaccination programmes
How have political factors affected population change in the UK?
Contraception is widely available (UK) + education provided to restrict unwanted pregnancies.
Changes to maternity + paternity leave + pay may encourage people to have more kids.
Migration: into + out of UK
Uk has programme of vaccinating children, reduces death rates.
Define political factors
Factors that relate to decisions made by government, either national or local.
Define death rate
The number of people dying in an area per 1000 of population.
Why do people want to migrate to the UK?
Availability of jobs
Stable political system
Good healthcare service
Better rates of pay; therefore a higher income
Good education system
Already established network of family or people of similar ethnic or cultural origin.
What is the reason for internal/domestic migration in the UK?
Cost of housing
Change of lifestyle e.g retirement
In search of work to further their career
Increasingly less important to live closer to work
Locate near family
What are the positive impacts of both types of migration in the UK?
Increase birth rates as migrants have children
Increase in no. of languages spoken
More young adults paying taxes
Many low paid unskilled jobs that UK citizens do not want to do are filled.
Diversity and culture means the UK has a greater range of foods, restaurants etc.
Define infant mortality rate
Number of deaths of children under one year of age occurring per 100 live births in an area per year.
Define ageing population
Country which has a high proportion of people aged over 65.
Define birth rate
The number of babies born in an area per 1000 of population.
Define economic factors
Factors that relate to cost and finance.
Why is the UK experiencing an ageing population?
Low birth + death rates, an increasing proportion of the population is aged 65 and over.
What are the economic challenges the UK faces due to an ageing population?
Reduced number of economically active people to pay taxes.
More money needed to pay state pensions
More people dependant on the state
What are the health challenges the UK faces due to an ageing population?
Increase in health issues as people live longer
Large increase in care services required to look after people in the community.
What are the social challenges the UK faces due to an ageing population?
Older people have knowledge + skills, can be lost if not passed onto younger generation.
Increasingly, working-age people caring for children + elderly parents.
Increase in elderly people living alone - feelings of isolation + decreases amount of housing available.
Why is new housing needed in the UK?
Increased immigration
Longer life expectancy
Increase in single-occupancy households
What is the Egan Wheel?
Shows the criteria to judge a sustainable community against.
Describe Egan’s wheel of sustainable communities.
Fair for everyone (now + future)
Active, inclusive + safe (strong local culture + sense of community)
Well run + led (everyone feels their view has been heard)
Environmentally sensitive (mindful of habitats + wildlife)
Well-designed (natural features + well-built homes)
Well connected (good transport links)
Thriving (variety work opportunities + strong economy)
Well-served
Define eco-housing
Houses that are built to make them environmentally sustainable.
Why is creating urban sustainable communities difficult?
Building on greenfield land is necessary to increase number of homes.
Community differences: not everyone wants same thing
Existing community: people don’t want change in their local area
Eco-housing costs more to build + may not be affordable.
Define greenfield site
An area of land that has not been used before for building.
Define environmental sustainability
Improvements in the standard of living that do not cause long-term damage to the environment.
Define economic sustainability
Development that ensures everyone has the right to economic improvement in the long term.
Define social sustainability
Development that is inclusive and ensures an improvement in the standard of living for all.
Give a named example of a greenbelt site?
Oxford’s green belt
Define brownfield site
Area of redevelopment that has previously been built on.
Give a named example of a brownfield site.
Ipswich Waterfront Development
Define re-urbanisation
People moving from the countryside back to urban areas.
What challenges are there when considering to build on greenfield land? (Environmental sustainability)
Destruction of rural land that hasn’t previously been developed - if development within greenbelt area, lead to more urban sprawl.
What challenges are there when considering to build on greenfield land? (Economic sustainability)
Cost of housing too high for local residents to afford in rural area.
Also, new residents likely to commute + leave new developments empty during working hours - not help rural services.
What challenges are there when considering to build on greenfield land? (Social sustainability)
New greenfield developments encourage urban residents to move to countryside, so change way of life of rural area. But services (schools + GPs' surgeries) put under pressure due to this.
Define central business district (CBD)
The main shopping and service area in a city.
What economic factors have changed retailing in the UK?
Home delivery firms Congestion in cities Free parking at out of town retail parks High parking costs in city centres Monthly wages
What cultural factors have changed retailing in the UK?
Car-dependant society
Habit of bulk buying
What technological factors have changed retailing in the UK?
High broadband speeds
Sophisticated websites
Online only retailers
Internet Banking
What are the benefits of out-of-town shopping centres?
Large, free parking areas Less congestion Near major road junctions Room for expansion Cheaper land values Near suburban housing estates
What are the costs of out-of-town shopping centres?
Attracts shoppers away from CBD
Cause congestion on surrounding roads
Chain stores
Land use conflict with other developments such as business parks
What are the benefits of internet shopping?
Buy any time, any location Convenient and cheaper Purchase products you can’t buy locally Less time consuming Reduction in traffic congestion Delivery jobs
What are the costs of internet shopping?
Not everyone has internet access
Difficult to return products
CBD lose trade - so job losses/closure of shops
More delivery vans increases congestion + pollution
Online card fraud
What did Lancaster do to try and encourage people to shop in the high street?
New paving in pedestrianised areas New street furniture Signage (Wayfinding) Market day on Wednesday Secure bike racks Trees planted
What are the negative impacts of both types of migration in the UK?
An increase in birth rate
House price increases in popular areas
Strain on schools
What garden city did you study?
Ebbsfleet, Kent
What eco homes example did you study?
BedZed, Surrey
What are the features of a sustainable community?
Local jobs nearby
Public transport available
Use of green technologies
Facilities for people of all ages
Affordable housing
Some buildings designed for elderly people
Built on brownfield rather than a green field site
What are the advantages of developing on a greenfield site?
Quick and easy to build on
Cheaper than building on a brownfield site
What are the disadvantages of developing on a greenfield site?
Animal habitats destroyed
Urban Sprawl
Protesters
What are the advantages of developing on a brownfield site?
Not using greenfield site
Can transform a place that was in decline
What are the disadvantages of developing on a brownfield site?
More expensive to build on as you may have to remove toxic materials
Give 4 ways we can create sustainable rural communities.
Ensuring public transport is available for the times the community needs it.
Securing investment from companies to create jobs in rural areas.
Fast and reliable internet connection
Village services being encouraged to stay open by getting everyone to use them.
Promoting the use of renewable energy within the rural area.
