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Geography - Component 1 > Managing Coastal Hazards > Flashcards

Managing Coastal Hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is coastal management needed for habitats and sites?

A

Natural habitats + heritage sites need preserving + protecting.

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2
Q

Why is coastal management needed for homes and businesses?

A

Protect them from coastal erosion, landslides + flooding.

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3
Q

Why have storms increased the need for coastal management?

A

Magnitude + frequency of storms increasing - cause storm surges, flooding + wind damage.

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4
Q

Why have sea levels increased the need for coastal management?

A

Sea levels rising, increasing risk of flooding.

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5
Q

Why has litter increased the need for coastal management?

A

Litter, pollution from sewage discharge or accidents (oil spills) need to be cleaned up.

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6
Q

What are the two coastal defence methods?

A

Hard + soft engineering

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7
Q

Define hard engineering

A

Building an artificial structure to control coastal processes - expensive, high impact on environment + unsustainable.

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8
Q

Define soft engineering

A

Works with natural systems, using natural materials and processes - less expensive, low impact on environment + more sustainable.

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9
Q

What are some hard engineering techniques?

A 
Sea walls
Groynes
Rip rap
Gabions
Revetments
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10
Q

What are sea walls?

A

Concrete sea walls that reflect energy of waves + prevent flooding.
Often recurved so waves reflected back on themselves.

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11
Q

Why are sea walls used?

A

Protect settlements

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12
Q

What are the advantages of sea wall?

A

Provide excellent defence where wave energy is high.

Has long life span

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13
Q

What are the disadvantages of sea wall?

A

Expensive
Affect access to beach
Can increase erosion of beach material

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14
Q

What are groynes?

A

Wooden barriers built down a beach, traps sand being transported by longshore drift.
Resultant wider beach absorbs wave energy, reducing rate of cliff erosion.

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15
Q

What are the advantages of groynes?

A

Relatively cheap

Prevents beach material being carried away, allowing sand to build up - so provides natural barrier.

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16
Q

What are the disadvantages of groynes?

A

Unattractive
Difficult to walk along beach
Disrupts natural processes
Beaches further along coast are starved of beach material.

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17
Q

What is rip rap?

A

Large boulders of hard rock placed along base of cliff + absorb energy of waves.

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18
Q

What are the advantages of rip rap?

A

Relatively cheap
Efficient
Ensure waves break before the cliff
Retains natural appearance of the beach

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19
Q

What are the disadvantages of rip rap?

A

Unattractive
Access to beach is difficult
Costs increase when rock is imported

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20
Q

What are gabions?

A

Steel cages, containing boulders, absorb energy of waves.

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21
Q

What are the advantages of gabions?

A

Cheap

Efficient

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22
Q

What are the disadvantages of gabions?

A

Visually unattractive

Shorter life span than sea wall

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23
Q

What are revetments?

A

Wooden slatted barriers constructed towards the rear of beaches - energy from waves is absorbed by breaking against the slats.

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24
Q

What are the advantages of revetments?

A

Cheaper + less intrusive than sea wall
Effective where wave energy is low
Cause less erosion of beach material

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25
Q

What are the disadvantages of revetments?

A

Short life span since made of wood

Unsuitable where wave energy is high

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26
Q

Define intertidal zone

A

Part of the shoreline between the high and low tide.

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27
Q

What is beach nourishment?

A

Beach made higher + wider by importing sand.

So provides a wider beach for energy to be absorbed.

28
Q

What are the advantages of beach nourishment?

A

Relatively cheap (approx £20 per metre cubed)
Retains natural look of beach
Provides a beach for tourists

29
Q

What are the disadvantages of beach nourishment?

A

Offshore dredging increases erosion in other areas + affects ecosystems.
Can disappear so requires constant maintenance, increasing costs.

30
Q

What is sand dune stabilisation?

A

Act as natural defence against coastal flooding + erosion.

31
Q

What are the advantages of sand dune stabilisation?

A

Dunes left undisturbed - so maintains natural ecosystem.

Boardwalks are constructed, sections of sand dunes are marked out of bounds, so dunes more accessible to tourists.

32
Q

What are the disadvantages of sand dune stabilisation?

A

Time consuming management

Cost is expensive (approx £2000 per 100m)

33
Q

What is managed retreat/realignment?

A

Areas of low value are allowed to flood naturally, creates new intertidal zone - acts as natural buffer against storms + rising sea levels.

34
Q

What are the advantages of managed retreat/realignment?

A

Retains natural balance of coastal system
Eroded material encourages development of beaches + salt marshes.
New habitat created for plants and birds.
Cheap

35
Q

What are the disadvantages of managed retreat/realignment?

A

Cost depends on amount of compensation to be paid to landowners + homeowners.
People lose their livelihoods + homes.
Can be unpopular

36
Q

What is hold the line?

A

Existing coastal defences are repaired but no new defences are set up.

37
Q

Define cost-benefit

A

An analytical tool for assessing the pros and cons of a decision.

38
Q

Define shoreline management plan (SMP)

A

It is a plan councils create to state what they are going to do with the coastline.

39
Q

Define cliff regrading

A

Reducing the angle of a cliff to reduce mass movement.

40
Q

What three things do councils have to consider when creating a SMP?

A

Impacts coastal defences would have on other locations
Impacts of coastal defences on animal habitats and the environment
Costs and Benefits of the scheme.

41
Q

What is the integrated coastal zone management (ICZM)?

A

Concept that aims to develop sustainable solutions.

42
Q

What are the sustainable solutions of ICZM based on?

A

Which areas need protecting + which are not cost effective to protect?
What type of defence should be used?
What is best for wildlife + natural environment?
What is best solution for those living at coastline - take balanced view + not favour one group over another?

43
Q

What is a hazard map?

A

A map that highlights areas that are affected by, or vulnerable to, a particular hazard.

44
Q

What do communities depend on that make them prepared for hazards?

A

Monitoring - able to predict extreme weather
Hazard mapping - know which areas affected by hazard
Emergency services - have resources + training to react

45
Q

Define environment agency

A

A non-departmental public body with responsibility for the protection and enhancement of the environment in England (also Wales since 2013).

46
Q

Define tropical storm

A

An intense low pressure weather system that can last for days to weeks within the tropical regions of Earth.
North America - hurricanes
India - cyclones
Japan + East Asia - typhoons

47
Q

Why is there an increased vulnerability of coastal communities in the future?

A

Climate change is putting increasing pressure on coastal regions which are already affected by intensive human activity.
Coastal ecosystems + habitats are also under threat.

48
Q

Define river estuary

A

The wide mouth of a river where it meets the sea.

49
Q

Define small island developing states (SIDs)

A 
Low-lying coastal countries that tend to share similar development challenges: 
small but growing populations 
limited resources 
remoteness
susceptibility to natural disasters
vulnerability to external shocks
excessive dependence on international trade
fragile environments
50
Q

Why are coastlines that are sinking or subsiding more at risk than other coastlines?

A

River estuaries + deltas sink under their own weight as more sediment deposited.

51
Q

Why are coastlines with different types of rock more at risk than other coastlines?

A

Rocks that make the coast can be hard or soft - more soft rock causes higher erosion rates.

52
Q

How do storms make some coastlines more vulnerable than others?

A

Coastal storms affect some coastlines more than others.

Tropical storms only affect coastlines in some parts of world.

53
Q

What coastal communities might be at a greater risk?

A

Those living on the world’s river deltas - Bangladesh, Egypt, Nigeria, Vietnam + Cambodia

54
Q

Define environmental refugees

A

People who are forced to leave their home region due to changes in their local environment - droughts, desertification + sea level rise.

55
Q

Define dyke

A

An artificial earthen wall built to prevent flooding by the sea.

56
Q

Is there a higher or lower amount of intertidal zones today than what there were in the past?

A

Lower

57
Q

Are salt marshes found in intertidal zones?

A

Yes

58
Q

Give 2 reasons why salt marshes are disappearing?

A

Farmland

Sea erosion

59
Q

Why are the salt marshes along the Essex and the Thames gateway being eroded?

A

Land is subsiding (sinking) due to Isostatic recovery.

60
Q

What does managed realignment aim to do?

A

It aims to create a wider intertidal zone to act as natural stores of flood water during high tide.

61
Q

What managed realignment scheme did you study and when was it completed?

A

Medmerry in Sussex, 2014

62
Q

What happened to the coastline (Medmerry) you studied due to this managed realignment?

A

The coastline is now a further 2m inland than what it was.

63
Q

What are the 4 different types of shoreline management?

A

Hold the line
Advance the line
Managed retreat (retreat the line)
Do nothing

64
Q

What SMP does Sea Palling have?

A

Hold the line

65
Q

What SMP does Happisburgh have?

A

Managed retreat (Retreat the line.)

66
Q

Why is coastal mapping good?

A

Gives warnings
People know what places will be affected
Allows emergency services to plan
Plan building

Geography - Component 1 (13 decks)

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