Population and the environment - population change Flashcards

Question

What are the characteristics of a low stationary population

Answer 1

low birth rate low death rate population fairly stable maybe growing slightly women tend to have small families choosing to study and follow careers population growth mainly due to immigration examples - mostly HDE's, USA, France

Answer 2

birth rate very low and falls below death rate death rate increases slightly because of ageing population total population starts to decrease desire for smaller families people opting to have children later in life Examples - Italy, Germany, Japan, UK

Answer 3

1 - before industrial revolution (>1760) 2 - 1760 - 1880 3 - 1880 - 1940 4 - 1940 - 2024 5 - 2024

Answer 4

easily + universally applied used to compare stages of demographic development used by demographers to make predictions about future chnage

Answer 5

model does not account for - migration and its impact on birth rates - government policies which may influence birth rates - wars/conflicts which may influence death rates - impact of major disease pandemics on death rates - environmental limitations placed on future economic development

Answer 6

graphical illustration of the distribution of a population by age groups and gender

Answer 7

Snapshot at any given time of the population structure Proved insights to past trends in population e.g. changes in fertility rates, mortality, international migration + what is currently happening to the population Show past changes in population Used to predict short term and long term future changes in population Shows effects of wars/disease and famine Indicate life expectancy Give an idea of the stage of the demographic transition model Show effects of migration on a population structure

Answer 8

0-14 - young dependent population, non economically active, dependent on parents to support them 15-64 - economically active, working population who earn an income and pay taxes 65+ - elderly dependent, non economically active, dependent on pensions and/or family

Answer 9

measures the level of dependency young+elderly dependents/economically active x100 does not take into account unemployed

Answer 10

0-14 - 11.041 million 15-65 - 37.904 million 65+ - 11.172 million Dependency ratio - 58.65 - For every 100 people of working age there are around 59 people dependent on their earnings Dependency ratio is falling in 2007 it was 60.68 Ratio of young to elderly changed - more elderly dependents than young dependents

Answer 11

Young people of today are countries human resources of tomorrow Can foster growth and development if there are favourable political and economic conditions Can provide a cheap workforce and a growing market for foreign investors

Answer 12

Increasing demands for improving maternal and child healthcare education Providing food, water, energy and shelter for growing population Government need to keep up with demand for schooling Lack of attendance in schools (especially in rural areas) leads to low levels of literacy and a poorly educated workforce

Answer 13

Same pensioners are healthy and affluent - Growth in leisure and tourism industry, Growth in private health and residential care businesses, Companies able to target growing markets Fewer people of working age so there should be less unemployment Some elderly still work- Looking after grandchildren enabling parents to work, Volunteering in local community

Answer 14

Welfare and healthcare costs escalating as the elderly are more likely to need support Pensions will cost increasingly more in the future (pension time bomb) - Costs will have to be borne by a smaller economically active proportion, Workers may have to pay higher taxes Smaller proportion of population are economically active- Affect economic growth, Affect overall standard of living, May be skills shortages

Answer 15

Shape of population pyramids evolves based on changes in fertility and mortality Demographic transition model gives a predicted sequence of change in birth and death rates over time Two concepts can be linked and a definitive shape of population pyramid can be outlined for each stage of the model Model determines what stage of demographic development a country is at - suggest appropriate population structure for countries at each stage of development Different population structures has different implications for the use of resources and services and for the economic potential of a countries at different stages of development

Answer 16

Dependency ratio for most developed countries between 50 and 70 Dependency ratio LIC usually more than 100 Composition of dependency will be different - rich, greater proportion of elderly, less developed, youthful population Growth rate and size of population has impacts for the balance between population and resources Larger population - more demands on the resources base of an area and put at risk development or increase standards of living for people Depend on factors e.g. consumption patterns of that population, the levels of technology available

Answer 17

benefit a country gets when its working population outgrows its dependents boost in economic productivity results from growing numbers in the workforce relative to the number of dependents one time opportunity

Answer 18

Lag between falling death rate and subsequent reduced birth rate may last for one or two generations before parents adjust to falling infant mortality by having fewer children Lag period on of rapid population growth - produces a generation bulge that rises up the population pyramid eventually into the economically active sector Few elderly dependents due to previously low life expectancy, few young dependents due to increasingly low fertility - dependency ratio falls

Answer 19

A large, young, educated workforce attracts investments Workers with fewer children invest more of their income leading to financial stability and growth Fewer children - women join workforce promoting more gender equality Salaried workers provide a growing market for consumption of goods and services

Answer 20

investment in education and employment, political scope for change

Answer 21

countries that have taken advantage of the demographic dividend e.g. Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea large amounts of foreign investments export policies grew between late 1980s to mid 1990s growth rate of 7.5% per year for three decades - gaining status of developed countries average resident of a non-Asian country in 1990 was 72 percent richer than his parents were in 1960, the corresponding figure for the average Korean is no less than 638 percent.

Answer 22

if there is a rich natural resource base to support growing demand e.g. Brazil, China

Answer 23

poor educational attainment lack of transparency and democracy in government Political instability - deter investment and lack of employment opportunities will lead to the emigration of young people thus jeopardising the dividend Mayanmar - not benefited due to political instability

Answer 24

Boost in productivity - create extra demand in the economy which may cause environmental degradation and put additional pressure on the use of natural resources unless they are managed sustainably

Answer 25

managing fertility rates at replacement level

Answer 26

Improved life expectancy - in the long term the bulge will move up the pyramid creating and ageing population , put pressure on specific services e.g. healthcare

Answer 27

jobs better quality of life family wars and conflicts - Gaza/Israle, Ukraine, Sudan Natural disasters - climate refugees Weather Education e.g. Universities Improved healthcare

Answer 28

cost/money family language barriers health visas - UK passport=150 countries,Afghanistan=5 countries

Answer 29

the reasons people want to leave a place

Answer 30

war, conflict, political instability ethnic and religious persecution natural and man made disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis, drought, famine unemployment, low wages or poor working conditions shortage of food

Answer 31

the reasons people want to enter a place

Answer 32

better quality of life, standard of living caried employment opportunities, higher wages better healthcare and access to education services political stability, more freedom better life prospects specific type of environment with a range of services to cater their needs

Answer 33

‘’Lee’s Push-Pull Model of Migration highlights there might be factors attracting or forcing away to/from a place. A push factor in this example might include…"

Answer 34

economic migrants

Answer 35

a person who had fled their country and cannot return for fear of harm due to race, religion, nationality or membership of a particular social group

Answer 36

applied to be a refugee and is waiting to hear if they have been successful

Answer 37

person who chooses to moves to another country in order to improver their future prospects

Answer 38

281 million 3.5% of population (2.8 in 2000, 2.3 1980)

Answer 39

25.3 million 5.9 million Palestine 5.4 million asylum seekers

Answer 40

decreasing population change in dependency ratio- wealthy countries older people move away for retirement, in poorer countries, younger people often w/ children, move away for economic opportunities more economically active people move away (e.g. origin is poorer), birth rate decreases less working age, bad for economy - ageing population

Answer 41

increasing population change in dependency ratio In wealthy countries, aging population due to retirement e.g Spain - puts more strain on the economy, other countries young working people move for better employment opportunities, so there's a large youthful population - birth rate increases in these countries. increase in “bulge” of working age people, enables demographic dividend

Answer 42

Positives: less unemployment easier access to food and water because of reduced population size less pressure on education/healthcare services Negatives: loss of working age population increased dependency ratio, more pressure on younger people to care for elderly in ageing population fewer people to pay tax + fund public services ‘brain drain’ - skilled migrants leave affecting economic development and creating gaps in sectors particularly teachers/doctors/nurses loss of traditional culture/break up of communities

Answer 43

Positives: increase cultural diversity, allows new markets and products e.g. London increase in experience of different job fields new cultures Negatives: increase demand for goods and services potential conflict due to different cultures/ beliefs etc. Segregation of migrants into certain areas increase in crime language barriers more strain on healthcare (especially maternal and infant healthcare) and education services (especially primary schools

Answer 44

Positives: fewer financial burdens(less people to fund and provide resources to). Reduced pressure on food/water/energy etc. Unemployment will reduce and there will be less competition for jobs Remittances - money sent back home improve families lives if migrants return back they can bring back new skills and knowledge Negatives: decrease in the working population lower GDP decreased tax revenue, so less gvt. budget for public spending

Answer 45

Positives: more vast abilities for jobs more people to pay tax overcome labour and skill shortages may provide cheaper labour reduces dependency - demographic dividend working migrants spend money Negatives: potentially not enough housing more unemployment (too many people, not enough jobs)

Answer 46

Positives May introduce pro-natal policies to encourage young to stay (but this can be expensive for the country) Negatives have to reinvest in and improve areas to encourage people to stay

Answer 47

Positives: Migration policies e.g. Australian government flying migrants to Pacific islands e.g. Rishi Sunak sending asylum seekers to Rwanda Negatives: Pressures to control immigration - new migration policies can cause conflict e.g. Rwanda UK policy Growth of right wing racist organisations

Answer 48

Positives: less pollution from vehicles, as less commuting workforce land may become rewilded, hedgerows and farmland change to meadows less intensive farming as not as high demand food Negatives: people left behind have to manage more farmland Farmland/buildings and sometimes whole villages can be abandoned less environment

Answer 49

Negatives: pressure on land for development - roads, housing, other infrastructure increased energy demand Increasing population will lead to increase deforestation for housing demand, destruction of land/habitats. Higher demand for food, more arable and pastoral farming, extensive and commercial farming can be bad for the land Increasing population leads to higher amounts of air and noise pollution

Answer 50

Positives: decrease demand for healthcare less people, less pollution, lower risk of respiratory diseases less overcrowding so diseases don’t spread as quickly Due to decrease in population, government may change health policies to become more appealing to encourage the population to stay there

Answer 51

Positives: more skilled health workers - stronger healthcare system Negatives: bigger demand for healthcare risk of bringing diseases over e.g covid more economic activity + pollution can cause more respiratory disease pressure on healthcare if migrants are not skilled

Answer 52

China - one child policy

Answer 53

Introduced in 1970, relaxed in 2013 Replacement with two child policy 2016 Successful particularly in urban areas Low birth, death, natural increase rates Maternal and infant mortality rates reduced Average life expectancy increased Lower unemployment rate Production output not been affected - the economy has grown Quality of life improved Demand on social infrastructure and resources e.g. healthcare, education, food, energy being less than it would have been if birth rate been allowed to grow Policy might have reduced the severity of atmospheric pollution Culture and tradition - large family, male offspring important Selective terminations based on sex of fetus Female infanticide, infant abandonment, child trading Population balanced changed Population structure in younger age groups is male weighted 1982 sex ratio at birth 108, 2012 increased to 118 49.9 ‘missing woman’ in 2003 Threatened a marriage squeeze - insufficient brides Increase in sex trafficking in China Only children may have received excessive amount of attention from parents and grandparents Only child may have to provide for their two parents and four grandparents

Answer 54

Balgladesh

Answer 55

One of most densely populated countries in the world 80% of bangladesh is low-lying, fertile floodplain and delta - good for intensive rice cultivation but prone to flooding ¾ of population live in hazardous rural areas Heavier monsoons and sea levels rise associated with climate change and longer-term threats Laws raised the minimum age of marriage to 18 for women and 21 for men Reduced fertility rate in Bangladesh Improving access to contraception, maternal and child health care will reduce fertility rate more Trails in 1970s where trained female health workers came to mothers to pick a method of contraception best suited to them, to treat side effects and also provide basic maternal and child healthcare Children became healthier, fewer women died of pregnancy related courses and child mortality fell Fewer children to support so families became wealthier Parents got more farmland, built more valuable homes and gained access to running water Children stayed in school longer, women enjoyed higher incomes Since trials in 1970s government training tens of thousands primary healthcare workers Average birth rates fallen from 6 to 2 Child mortality rates reduced by two thirds Population expected to reach 200 million in 2050 then stabilise Gender imbalance - 2.7 million ‘missing women’ Rate of infant mortality amongst girls fallen faster than the rate of male infant mortality - rate among females was previously higher - observed in areas more with more easily accessible primary healthcare services Closer to situation where boys and girls under five have equal chance of survival

Answer 56

because of their sex Neglect of female children worse in rural areas and more severe in later born children (all ready have a lot of children)

Answer 57

Girls miss out on inheritance rights Selective terminations Children offered different amounts of food according to gender Varying levels of care during times of ill health - Low male to female mortality ratio amongst children aged under 5

Answer 58

excess female mortality worldwide Comparing actual sex ratio of countries to expected sex ratios Number of missing women larger than the combined death toll of both world wars Over 100 million missing women worldwide