Population and the environment - population change

Question 1

what is crude birth rate

Answer 1

the total number of live births per 1,000 of a population per year

Question 2

what is crude death rate

Answer 2

the total number of deaths per 1,000 of a population per year

Question 3

what is demographic

Answer 3

the study of a human population

Question 4

what is an emigrant

Answer 4

a person leaving their native area or country in order to settle elsewhere

Question 5

what is an immigrant

Answer 5

a person moving into an area or country in which they are no native in order to settle there

Question 6

what is infant mortality rate

Answer 6

the number of children who die before their first birthday per 1,000 live births per year

Question 7

what is life expectancy

Answer 7

the average number of years a person born in a particular year in a location is expected to live

Question 8

what is replacement rate

Answer 8

the number of children each women needs to have to maintain the current population

Question 9

what is reproductive age

Answer 9

the age at which women can give birth, normally considered to be between 15 and 44

Question 10

what is the total fertility rate

Answer 10

the average number of children born per women in an area or county if all women lived to the end of their childbearing years

Question 11

what are the main components of population change

Answer 11

inputs - births, immgrants
total population - natural change, net migration
outputs - deaths, emmigrants

Question 12

when would there be a natural increase of a population

Answer 12

birth rate exceeds death rates

Question 13

when would there be a natural decrease of a population

Answer 13

death rates exceed birth rates

Question 14

when would there be a positive net migration

Answer 14

more immigrants than emigrants

Question 15

when would there be a negative net migration

Answer 15

more emigrants than immigrants

Question 16

what is the correlation between birth and fertility rates

Answer 16

both measures of reproductive potential within a population
different forms of measurement - birth rate based on whole population, fertility rate more accurate measure of future population change as it is the average num of children that each women of reproductive childbearing age will give birth to

Question 17

What are vital rates

Answer 17

key terms needed to discuss population change: birth rate, death rate, infant mortality rate, total fertility rate

Question 18

what is a replacement rate

Answer 18

net replacement rate - fertility rate of 2, every woman gives birth to (on average) one girl, means that the
current generation of women would replace itself with a younger generation of girls.
reality, the replacement rate is 2.1 - not all girls reach childbearing age
+ there are slightly more male births recorded globally
replacement rate for populations with a
high mortality is considerably higher than 2.

Question 19

Why is infant mortality rate important

Answer 19

age specific- children under one are vulnerable + the group that society should be taking most care of
gives indication of level of healthcare available in the population, particularly maternity and post-natal care, as well as the prevalence of, and ability to, combat diseases
gives indication of wealth of country- HIC’s able to afford the healthcare, medicines, healthy diet and clean water that will keep infants alive
will have impact on fertility rate - Families in areas with high infant and child mortality will have more children to ensure that some survive into adulthood

Question 20

what is the demographic transition model

Answer 20

shows changes overtime in the population of a country

Question 21

what are the five stages of the demographic transition model

Answer 21

1 - high stationary
2 - early expanding
3 - late expanding
4 - low stationary
5 - declining

Question 22

what are the characteristics of a high stationary population

Answer 22

high birth rate - maxamise chance of survival for children
high death rate - disease + famine
population fairly stable
example - traditional rainforests tribes

Question 23

what are the characteristics of a early expanding population

Answer 23

birth rates remain high
death rates decrease rapidly
population grow rapidly
better standard of living
children source of family labour
examples - LDE’s, Afghanistan

Question 24

What are the characteristics of a late expanding population

Answer 24

birth rate drops rapidly
death rate continues to decrease but more slowly
population still grows but not quite as fast
improved technology in agriculture and industry
better education systems and laws involving child employment
reduction in social and economic value of children
contraception more wildly available
working women chose to have fewer children
examples - mostly EME’s, India, Kenya, Brazil

Question 25

What are the characteristics of a low stationary population

Answer 25

low birth rate
low death rate
population fairly stable maybe growing slightly
women tend to have small families choosing to study and follow careers
population growth mainly due to immigration
examples - mostly HDE’s, USA, France

Question 26

What are the characteristics of a declining population

Answer 26

birth rate very low and falls below death rate
death rate increases slightly because of ageing population
total population starts to decrease
desire for smaller families
people opting to have children later in life
Examples - Italy, Germany, Japan, UK

Question 27

When was the UK in each stage of the demographic transition model

Answer 27

1 - before industrial revolution (>1760)
2 - 1760 - 1880
3 - 1880 - 1940
4 - 1940 - 2024
5 - 2024

Question 28

what are the strengths of the demographic transition model

Answer 28

easily + universally applied
used to compare stages of demographic development
used by demographers to make predictions about future chnage

Question 29

what are limitations of a demographic transition model

Answer 29

model does not account for
- migration and its impact on birth rates
- government policies which may influence birth rates
- wars/conflicts which may influence death rates
- impact of major disease pandemics on death rates
- environmental limitations placed on future economic development

Question 30

what is population pyramid

Answer 30

graphical illustration of the distribution of a population by age groups and gender

Question 31

What can a population pyramid show

Answer 31

Snapshot at any given time of the population structure
Proved insights to past trends in population e.g. changes in fertility rates, mortality, international migration + what is currently happening to the population
Show past changes in population
Used to predict short term and long term future changes in population
Shows effects of wars/disease and famine
Indicate life expectancy
Give an idea of the stage of the demographic transition model
Show effects of migration on a population structure

Question 32

what categories is the population structure divided into

Answer 32

0-14 - young dependent population, non economically active, dependent on parents to support them
15-64 - economically active, working population who earn an income and pay taxes
65+ - elderly dependent, non economically active, dependent on pensions and/or family

Question 33

what s the dependency ratio

Answer 33

measures the level of dependency
young+elderly dependents/economically active x100
does not take into account unemployed

Question 34

What is the UK’s population structure

Answer 34

0-14 - 11.041 million
15-65 - 37.904 million
65+ - 11.172 million
Dependency ratio - 58.65 - For every 100 people of working age there are around 59 people dependent on their earnings
Dependency ratio is falling in 2007 it was 60.68
Ratio of young to elderly changed - more elderly dependents than young dependents

Question 35

what are the benefits of a youthful population

Answer 35

Young people of today are countries human resources of tomorrow
Can foster growth and development if there are favourable political and economic conditions
Can provide a cheap workforce and a growing market for foreign investors

Question 36

what are the problems of a youthful population

Answer 36

Increasing demands for improving maternal and child healthcare education
Providing food, water, energy and shelter for growing population
Government need to keep up with demand for schooling
Lack of attendance in schools (especially in rural areas) leads to low levels of literacy and a poorly educated workforce

Question 37

what are the benefits of an ageing population

Answer 37

Same pensioners are healthy and affluent - Growth in leisure and tourism industry, Growth in private health and residential care businesses, Companies able to target growing markets
Fewer people of working age so there should be less unemployment
Some elderly still work- Looking after grandchildren enabling parents to work, Volunteering in local community

Question 38

what are the problems of an ageing population

Answer 38

Welfare and healthcare costs escalating as the elderly are more likely to need support
Pensions will cost increasingly more in the future (pension time bomb) - Costs will have to be borne by a smaller economically active proportion, Workers may have to pay higher taxes
Smaller proportion of population are economically active- Affect economic growth, Affect overall standard of living, May be skills shortages

Question 39

what is the impacts natural change on population structure

Answer 39

Shape of population pyramids evolves based on changes in fertility and mortality
Demographic transition model gives a predicted sequence of change in birth and death rates over time
Two concepts can be linked and a definitive shape of population pyramid can be outlined for each stage of the model
Model determines what stage of demographic development a country is at - suggest appropriate population structure for countries at each stage of development
Different population structures has different implications for the use of resources and services and for the economic potential of a countries at different stages of development

Question 40

what is the balance between population and resources

Answer 40

Dependency ratio for most developed countries between 50 and 70
Dependency ratio LIC usually more than 100
Composition of dependency will be different - rich, greater proportion of elderly, less developed, youthful population
Growth rate and size of population has impacts for the balance between population and resources
Larger population - more demands on the resources base of an area and put at risk development or increase standards of living for people
Depend on factors e.g. consumption patterns of that population, the levels of technology available

Question 41

what is a demographic divdend

Answer 41

benefit a country gets when its working population outgrows its dependents
boost in economic productivity results from growing numbers in the workforce relative to the number of dependents
one time opportunity

Question 42

what creates a demographic dividend

Answer 42

Lag between falling death rate and subsequent reduced birth rate may last for one or two generations before parents adjust to falling infant mortality by having fewer children
Lag period on of rapid population growth - produces a generation bulge that rises up the population pyramid eventually into the economically active sector
Few elderly dependents due to previously low life expectancy, few young dependents due to increasingly low fertility - dependency ratio falls

Question 43

why will a large group of younger people give rise to a period of higher productivity and a boom in economic growth and social development

Answer 43

A large, young, educated workforce attracts investments
Workers with fewer children invest more of their income leading to financial stability and growth
Fewer children - women join workforce promoting more gender equality
Salaried workers provide a growing market for consumption of goods and services

Question 44

what does countries have to do to take advantage of a demographic dividend

Answer 44

investment in education and employment, political scope for change

Question 45

What are Asian tiger economes

Answer 45

countries that have taken advantage of the demographic dividend e.g. Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea
large amounts of foreign investments
export policies
grew between late 1980s to mid 1990s
growth rate of 7.5% per year for three decades - gaining status of developed countries
average resident of a non-Asian country in 1990 was 72 percent richer than his parents were in 1960, the corresponding figure for the average Korean is no less than 638 percent.

Question 46

how can countries further maxamise the demographic dividend

Answer 46

if there is a rich natural resource base to support growing demand e.g. Brazil, China

Question 47

how may the demographic dividend be wasted

Answer 47

poor educational attainment
lack of transparency and democracy in government
Political instability - deter investment and lack of employment opportunities will lead to the emigration of young people thus jeopardising the dividend
Mayanmar - not benefited due to political instability

Question 48

How can the demographic dividend be problematic

Answer 48

Boost in productivity - create extra demand in the economy which may cause environmental degradation and put additional pressure on the use of natural resources unless they are managed sustainably

Question 49

how can the demographic dividend be sustained

Answer 49

managing fertility rates at replacement level

Question 50

after the demographic dividend what will occur

Answer 50

Improved life expectancy - in the long term the bulge will move up the pyramid creating and ageing population , put pressure on specific services e.g. healthcare

Question 51

why do people mirgate

Answer 51

jobs
better quality of life
family
wars and conflicts - Gaza/Israle, Ukraine, Sudan
Natural disasters - climate refugees
Weather
Education e.g. Universities
Improved healthcare

Question 52

what stops people from migrating internationally

Answer 52

cost/money
family
language barriers
health
visas - UK passport=150 countries,Afghanistan=5 countries

Question 53

what is a push factor

Answer 53

the reasons people want to leave a place

Question 54

what are push factors for international migration

Answer 54

war, conflict, political instability
ethnic and religious persecution
natural and man made disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis, drought, famine
unemployment, low wages or poor working conditions
shortage of food

Question 55

what is a pull factor

Answer 55

the reasons people want to enter a place

Question 56

what are pull factors for international migration

Answer 56

better quality of life, standard of living
caried employment opportunities, higher wages
better healthcare and access to education services
political stability, more freedom
better life prospects
specific type of environment with a range of services to cater their needs

Question 57

How would you talk about a push or pull factor in an exam question

Answer 57

‘’Lee’s Push-Pull Model of Migration
highlights there might be factors attracting or forcing away
to/from a place. A push factor in this example might include…”

Question 58

what are the main types of migrants

Answer 58

economic migrants

Question 59

what is a refugee

Answer 59

a person who had fled their country and cannot return for fear of harm due to race, religion, nationality or membership of a particular social group

Question 60

what is an asylum seeker

Answer 60

applied to be a refugee and is waiting to hear if they have been successful

Question 61

what is an economic migrant

Answer 61

person who chooses to moves to another country in order to improver their future prospects

Question 62

what was the global number of international migrants estimated to be in July 2020

Answer 62

281 million
3.5% of population (2.8 in 2000, 2.3 1980)

Question 63

by end of 2022 how many refugees were their estimated to be

Answer 63

25.3 million
5.9 million Palestine
5.4 million asylum seekers

Question 64

what are the demographic implications of migration for the origin country

Answer 64

decreasing population
change in dependency ratio- wealthy countries older people move away for retirement, in poorer countries, younger people often w/ children, move away for economic opportunities
more economically active people move away (e.g. origin is poorer), birth rate decreases
less working age, bad for economy - ageing population

Question 65

what are the demographic implications of migration for the host country

Answer 65

increasing population
change in dependency ratio
In wealthy countries, aging population due to retirement e.g Spain - puts more strain on the economy, other countries young working people move for better employment opportunities, so there’s a large youthful population - birth rate increases in these countries.
increase in “bulge” of working age people, enables demographic dividend

Question 66

what are the social implications of migration for the origin country

Answer 66

Positives:
less unemployment
easier access to food and water because of reduced population size
less pressure on education/healthcare services
Negatives:
loss of working age population
increased dependency ratio, more pressure on younger people to care for elderly in ageing population
fewer people to pay tax + fund public services
‘brain drain’ - skilled migrants leave affecting economic development and creating gaps in sectors particularly teachers/doctors/nurses
loss of traditional culture/break up of communities

Question 67

what are the social implications of migration for the host country

Answer 67

Positives:
increase cultural diversity, allows new markets and products e.g. London
increase in experience of different job fields
new cultures
Negatives:
increase demand for goods and services
potential conflict due to different cultures/ beliefs etc. Segregation of migrants into certain areas
increase in crime
language barriers
more strain on healthcare (especially maternal and infant healthcare) and education services (especially primary schools

Question 68

what are the economic implications of migration for the origin country

Answer 68

Positives:
fewer financial burdens(less people to fund and provide resources to). Reduced pressure on food/water/energy etc.
Unemployment will reduce and there will be less competition for jobs
Remittances - money sent back home improve families lives
if migrants return back they can bring back new skills and knowledge
Negatives:
decrease in the working population
lower GDP
decreased tax revenue, so less gvt. budget for public spending

Question 69

what are the economic implications of migration for the host country

Answer 69

Positives:
more vast abilities for jobs
more people to pay tax
overcome labour and skill shortages
may provide cheaper labour
reduces dependency - demographic dividend
working migrants spend money
Negatives:
potentially not enough housing
more unemployment (too many people, not enough jobs)

Question 70

what are the political implications of migration for the origin country

Answer 70

Positives
May introduce pro-natal policies to encourage young to stay (but this can be expensive for the country)
Negatives
have to reinvest in and improve areas to encourage people to stay

Question 71

what are the political implications of migration for the host country

Answer 71

Positives:
Migration policies
e.g. Australian government flying migrants to Pacific islands
e.g. Rishi Sunak sending asylum seekers to Rwanda
Negatives:
Pressures to control immigration - new migration policies can cause conflict e.g. Rwanda UK policy
Growth of right wing racist organisations

Question 72

what are the environmental implications of migration for the origin country

Answer 72

Positives:
less pollution from vehicles, as less commuting workforce
land may become rewilded, hedgerows and farmland change to meadows
less intensive farming as not as high demand food
Negatives:
people left behind have to manage more farmland
Farmland/buildings and sometimes whole villages can be abandoned
less environment

Question 73

what are the environmental implications of migration for the origin country

Answer 73

Negatives:
pressure on land for development - roads, housing, other infrastructure
increased energy demand
Increasing population will lead to increase deforestation for housing demand, destruction of land/habitats.
Higher demand for food, more arable and pastoral farming, extensive and commercial farming can be bad for the land
Increasing population leads to higher amounts of air and noise pollution

Question 74

what are the health implications of migration for the origin country

Answer 74

Positives:
decrease demand for healthcare
less people, less pollution, lower risk of respiratory diseases
less overcrowding so diseases don’t spread as quickly
Due to decrease in population, government may change health policies to become more appealing to encourage the population to stay there

Question 75

what are the health implications of migration for the host country

Answer 75

Positives:
more skilled health workers - stronger healthcare system
Negatives:
bigger demand for healthcare
risk of bringing diseases over e.g covid
more economic activity + pollution can cause more respiratory disease
pressure on healthcare if migrants are not skilled

Question 76

What is an example of socio-economic factors that affect natural population change

Answer 76

China - one child policy

Question 77

What happened during China’s one child policy

Answer 77

Introduced in 1970, relaxed in 2013
Replacement with two child policy 2016
Successful particularly in urban areas
Low birth, death, natural increase rates
Maternal and infant mortality rates reduced
Average life expectancy increased
Lower unemployment rate
Production output not been affected - the economy has grown
Quality of life improved
Demand on social infrastructure and resources e.g. healthcare, education, food, energy being less than it would have been if birth rate been allowed to grow
Policy might have reduced the severity of atmospheric pollution
Culture and tradition - large family, male offspring important
Selective terminations based on sex of fetus
Female infanticide, infant abandonment, child trading
Population balanced changed
Population structure in younger age groups is male weighted
1982 sex ratio at birth 108, 2012 increased to 118
49.9 ‘missing woman’ in 2003
Threatened a marriage squeeze - insufficient brides
Increase in sex trafficking in China
Only children may have received excessive amount of attention from parents and grandparents
Only child may have to provide for their two parents and four grandparents

Question 78

what is an example of a cultural control that affect natural population change

Answer 78

Balgladesh

Question 79

What happened to the population in Bangladesh due to cultural expectations

Answer 79

One of most densely populated countries in the world
80% of bangladesh is low-lying, fertile floodplain and delta - good for intensive rice cultivation but prone to flooding
¾ of population live in hazardous rural areas
Heavier monsoons and sea levels rise associated with climate change and longer-term threats
Laws raised the minimum age of marriage to 18 for women and 21 for men
Reduced fertility rate in Bangladesh
Improving access to contraception, maternal and child health care will reduce fertility rate more
Trails in 1970s where trained female health workers came to mothers to pick a method of contraception best suited to them, to treat side effects and also provide basic maternal and child healthcare
Children became healthier, fewer women died of pregnancy related courses and child mortality fell
Fewer children to support so families became wealthier
Parents got more farmland, built more valuable homes and gained access to running water
Children stayed in school longer, women enjoyed higher incomes
Since trials in 1970s government training tens of thousands primary healthcare workers
Average birth rates fallen from 6 to 2
Child mortality rates reduced by two thirds
Population expected to reach 200 million in 2050 then stabilise
Gender imbalance - 2.7 million ‘missing women’
Rate of infant mortality amongst girls fallen faster than the rate of male infant mortality - rate among females was previously higher - observed in areas more with more easily accessible primary healthcare services
Closer to situation where boys and girls under five have equal chance of survival

Question 80

Why are boys and girls treaded differently when they are infants

Answer 80

because of their sex
Neglect of female children worse in rural areas and more severe in later born children (all ready have a lot of children)

Question 81

how are boys and girls treated differently when they are infants

Answer 81

Girls miss out on inheritance rights
Selective terminations
Children offered different amounts of food according to gender
Varying levels of care during times of ill health - Low male to female mortality ratio amongst children aged under 5

Question 82

what is the number of missing women

Answer 82

excess female mortality worldwide
Comparing actual sex ratio of countries to expected sex ratios
Number of missing women larger than the combined death toll of both world wars
Over 100 million missing women worldwide