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A Level Geography AQA > Population and the Environment > Flashcards

Population and the Environment Flashcards

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1
Q

What is meant by the term population distribution?

A

The pattern of where people live applied to all scales: local to global.

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2
Q

What is meant by the term population density?

A

The average number of people living in a specified area usually measured in people per km2.

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3
Q

What is meant by the term total population number?

A

The raw figure of total population in an area at any scale

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4
Q

What is meant by the percentage change in population?

A

The number of people added or subtracted to the total population in a year as a percentage of the total population.

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5
Q

What is the demographic transition model and what does it show?

A

It is a population model, based on historical population trends of two demographic characteristics – birth rate and death rate – to suggest that a country’s total population growth rate cycles through stages as that country develops economically.

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6
Q

What are some of the pros and cons of the DTM?

A

pros: -useful insight in demographic change in countries over time
- No set time scales
- Easy to understand and draw comparisons
cons: -population control by governments is not considered
- Assumes countries all go in one direction
- Only considers natural population growth
- Based off of western developed countries so not all applies to other nations/cultures

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7
Q

What is the epidemiological transition?

A

A phase of development witnessed by a sudden stark increase in population growth rates brought by improved food security and innovations in public health and food security.

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8
Q

What is the demographic dividend?

A

The economic growth potential that can result from shifts in a population’s age structure, mainly when the share of the working-age population is larger than the non-working-age share of the population

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9
Q

What is an ecological footprint?

A

The impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources..

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10
Q

What is overpopulation?

A

When there are too many people in an area relative to the amount of resources and level of technology available locally to maintain a high standard of living.

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11
Q

What is underpopulation?

A

When there are too few people in an area to use resources effectively for a given level of technology.

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12
Q

What is an optimum population?

A

The theoretical population which works with all the available resources to provide the highest standard of living for the people in that area.

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13
Q

What is food security?

A

When people in an area have enough affordable and nutritious food to eat.

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14
Q

How much mus the world’s food supply increase by in the next 20 years to support population growth?

A

50%

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15
Q

What is subsistence farming?

A

The direct production of sufficient food to feed the family or community involved (not for profit) eg. slash and burn.

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16
Q

What is commercial farming?

A

Farmers and agribusinesses farming for profit. I often involves high investment of capital to land, contractors, machinery and agrochemicals.

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17
Q

What is arable farming?

A

The farming of cereal or root crops, usually on flatter land where soils are of higher quality.

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18
Q

What is pastoral farming?

A

Farming that involves livestock rearing and can be subsistence or commercial.

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19
Q

What is mixed farming?

A

The production of both arable crops and livestock, allowing for flexibility.

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20
Q

What is intensive farming?

A

Small scale farming with a high input of capital and/or labour.

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21
Q

What is extensive farming?

A

Large scale farming, with generally low labour and capital input.

22
Q

What are GM crops?

A

Crops that have been genetically altered so they posses desirable characteristics..

23
Q

What are organic crops?

A

Crops that have not been altered genetically or sprayed by chemicals.

24
Q

What factors affect soil quality?

A

depth texture, structure, mineral content, pH, aeration, water capacity…

25
Q

What is hydroponics?

A

Hydroponics is the process of growing plants in sand, gravel or liquid, with added nutrients but without soil. This enables food to be grown all year and is more automated but can be expensive and spread waterborne diseases.

26
Q

What is salinistaion?

A

This is a form of land degradation in arid and semi-arid climates due to an increase in the amount of salts in the soil. It happens when there is a low water input and too much percolation or evapotranspiration. This can be worsened by human activity.

27
Q

What is water logging?

A

When water, rather than air fills the pore spaces in soil. this impairs the ability for plants to respire and so their growth and development is reduced. It happens if there is an excess of water input and not enough percolation or evapotranspiration.

28
Q

What is terracing and what are its pros and cons?

A

A sloped plane that has been cut into a series of successively receding flat surfaces or platforms. This reduces soil erosion by decreasing runoff velocity and rainwater collection enables the cultivation of water intensive crops like rice.. Though it can lead to ground saturation , leading to heavy runoff in excessive rains and labour and maintenance costs must be factored in.

29
Q

What is contour ploughing and what are its pros and cons?

A

It is the practice of ploughing or planting across a slope following its elevation contour lines. They reduce the formation of gullies by creating a water break and reduce fertiliser loss, power and time consumption as well as increasing yields and reducing soil erosion. Though they require planning, maintenance and money to create.

30
Q

What is strip cropping and what are its pros and cons?

A

The planting of different alternating crops in narrow systematic strips or bands to reduce soil erosion from wind or water. This increases absorption of rainfall and maintains soil strength but can enable disease to spread and is labour intensive and costly.

31
Q

What is crop rotation and what are its pros and cons?

A

A method of farming which avoids growing the same crop in a field continuously by regularly changing crops, reducing the risk of pests and diseases. It prevents crops stripping the nutrients from the soil as different crops require different nutrients but requires lots of organisation and can be costly and labour intensive and does not work for seasonal crops.

32
Q

What is Ebola?

A

It is a viral infection that attacks the immune system, causing internal bleeding. It maintains itself in fruit bats and is spread via bodily fluids.

33
Q

What was the response to the Ebola outbreak in 2014?

A

Governments setting up treatment centres, charities providing people and funding, innovations in vaccines, tracking infected people, new medicines and new prevention measures made it easier for the disease to be prevented, controlled and treated.

34
Q

What are the main causes of death in LICs?

A

Disease and hunger/famine

35
Q

What are the main causes of death in HICs?

A

Lifestyle related illnesses like chronic or degenerative diseases.

36
Q

What factors have influenced health in LICs?

A
  • poverty (little access to food, healthcare…)
  • Misunderstanding and prejudice for women and minorities
  • Environmental impacts (flooding, droughts, desertification…)
37
Q

What factors have influenced health in HICs?

A
  • Wealth (access to healthcare and food)
  • Availability of cheap unhealthy food (like fast food)
  • Age (people live longer due to pensions and better healthcare so live longer)
  • Environment (climate change)
38
Q

What are Blue-zone communities?

A

Areas in the world where people live longest (over 100 years). Many of which are small island countries. They are… Loma Linda, CA, Okinawa, Japan, Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica, Icaria, Greece and Sardinia, Italy.

39
Q

How are soils classified?

A

Zonal soils- reflects the climate and vegetation under which they have developed.
Infra-zonal soils- properties determined by a local factor
Azonal soils- Immature or skeletal soils with poorly developed profiles.

40
Q

What are the characteristics of podsol?

A

It is a zonal soil found in the taiga of North America and Eurasia. It is acidic and contains few nutrients due to the cold climate at lack of biodiversity of the area.

41
Q

What are the characteristics of tropical red latosol?

A

It is a zonal soil found along the equator in tropical rain forests. The constant supply of leaf litter and bio diversity means the soil is rich in nutrients.

42
Q

What is asthma?

A

It is a chronic disease characterised by recurrent attacks of breathlessness and wheezing varying in severity from person to person. It is made worse by poor air quality.

43
Q

What is fertility rate?

A

The average number of children a woman is expected to give birth to in her lifetime.

44
Q

What is the replacement rate?

A

The extent to which a population is replacing itself measured as the difference between births and deaths. It shows the number of children needed per woman to maintain a population size.

45
Q

What is the net reproductive rate?

A

A measure of the average number of daughters produced by a woman in her reproductive lifetime.

46
Q

What is malaria?

A

A highly life threatening disease spread by mosquitoes or sharing of blood.

47
Q

How can malaria be managed?

A

insecticides, mosquito nets, removing stagnant water, antimalarial drugs, vaccines.

48
Q

What do expansive population pyramids look like?

A

They have larger populations in the younger age groups, each row usually having more than the last.

49
Q

What do constructive population pyramids look like?

A

They have smaller populations in the younger age groups, population growth is negative.

50
Q

What do stationary population pyramids look like?

A

They have roughly the same population size for every age group.

51
Q

What does dependency ratio show?

A

Shows how many young people (under 16) and old people (over 64) depend on people of working age.

52
Q

What is meant by the term carrying capacity?

A

The maximum population size that can be supported by available resources.

A Level Geography AQA (10 decks)

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