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A Level Geography AQA > Global Systems and Global Governance > Flashcards

Global Systems and Global Governance Flashcards

1
Q

What are periphery areas?

A

Poor areas that may receive exploitation, economic leakage and out migration. E.g. parts of Africa, Central Asia and Latin America.

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2
Q

What are core areas?

A

Economically important areas that attract investment, capital and people. E.g. Much of Europe, North America and parts of East Asia.

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3
Q

What are remittances?

A

Money sent home to friends and family by migrants often living aboud.

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4
Q

What is foreign direct investment (FDI)?

A

Investment made by overseas governments, businesses or individuals in foreign enterprises.

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5
Q

What is globalisation?

A

The increasing connections between places and people across the planet, established through trade, politics and cultural exchanges and helped by technology and transport.

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6
Q

What is aid?

A

Providing support or help.This could be money, supplies, expertise or more.

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7
Q

What is reparation of profits?

A

TNCs operating in foreign countries sending profits back the TNC headquarters. This is sometimes known as economic leakage.

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8
Q

What is an economy of scale?

A

A proportionate saving in costs gained by an increased level of production.

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9
Q

What is containerisation?

A

a system of freight transport using containers. The containers have standardised dimensions.

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10
Q

What are the advantages of containerisation?

A
  • international standardisation
  • reductions in costs and increases in speed
  • containers packed and sealed in factories reducing theft
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11
Q

What is a trading bloc?

A

A group of countries within a geographic region that protect themselves from imports from non-members. they are a form of economic integration and shape the pattern of global trade.

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12
Q

What is a common market?

A

A group of countries imposing few or no duties on trade with one another and a common tariff on trade with other countries.

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13
Q

What is a customs union?

A

A type of trade bloc which is composed of a free trade area with a common external tariff.

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14
Q

What is a free trade area?

A

Areas created between 2 or more countries where they agree to reduce or eliminate trade barriers on all goods between member states.

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15
Q

What are some examples of trade blocs?

A

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (to be replaced by USMCA)
European Union (EU)
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN),
OPEC (Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries)

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16
Q

What is the World Trade Organisation (WTO)?

A

An intergovernmental organisation that is concerned with the regulation of international trade between nations. It ensures trade flows as easily as possible and resolves trade disputes.

17
Q

What is the International Monetary Fund (IMF)?

A

An intergovernmental organisation working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world

18
Q

What is a Transnational corporation (TNC)?

A

A company that is headquartered in one country but sells products or owns factories in other countries. They can bring employment to LICs while taking advantage of low wages.

19
Q

What is the World Bank?

A

A financial institution providing loans for developing countries for capital programmes. Its goal is reducing poverty.

20
Q

What is the United Nations (UN)?

A

an intergovernmental organisation that aims to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a centre for harmonising the actions of nations. It is the largest, most familiar, most internationally represented and most powerful intergovernmental organisation in the world.

21
Q

How many UN members are there?

A

193

22
Q

What is outsourcing?

A

An agreement in which one company hires another company to be responsible for a planned or existing activity that is or could be done internally, and sometimes involves transferring employees and assets from one firm to another.

23
Q

What is offshoring?

A

Relocating some part of a firm’s activity to another country.

24
Q

What are some of the departments of the UN?

A
  • FAO (Food and Agriculture Organisation)
  • UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade And Development)
  • UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation)
25
Q

What does comparative advantage suggest?

A

That countries should specialise in providing goods and services they excel at producing. They should then trade these goods with products they are not good at internally producing.

26
Q

What is Fair Trade?

A

An institutional arrangement designed to help producers in developing countries achieve better trading conditions. Members of the fair trade movement advocate the payment of higher prices to exporters, as well as improved social and environmental standards.

27
Q

What are import licenses?

A

A license issued by a national government authorising the importation of goods from a specific source.

28
Q

What are import quotas?

A

A trade restriction that sets a limit on the quantity of a good that can be imported into a country in a given period of time.

29
Q

What are subsidies?

A

Grants or allowances usually awarded to domestic producers or reductions in their costs to make them more competitive against imported goods.

30
Q

What are voluntary export restraints?

A

Trade restrictions on the quantity of goods that an exporting county is allowed to export to another country.

31
Q

What are embargoes?

A

Government orders that restrict commerce or exchange with a certain country or the exchange of specific goods.

32
Q

What is a barrier to trade?

A

A government-imposed restraint on the flow of international goods and services.

33
Q

What is global governance?

A

The way in which global affairs are managed through norms, laws, regulations and institutions.

34
Q

What are some of the pros an cons of the UN?

A
  • Sometimes difficult to gain consensus form 193 countries
  • Developing countries often do not have the financial and technological resources to carry out international directives
35
Q

What are some of the pros an cons of the WHO?

A
  • International cooperation remains primarily with governments, with some more powerful than others
  • There is question over countries like China which protect their sovereignty
  • Some claim it to be too bureaucratic
36
Q

What are some of the pros an cons of the WTO?

A
  • Positive terms of trade can lead to financial stability and the economic multiplier effect
  • Many poorer countries still have limited access to global markets
  • Seen as ineffective in resolving trade disputes
37
Q

What is the World Health Organisation (WHO)?

A

A specialised agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health.

A Level Geography AQA (10 decks)

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