Population And Migration Flashcards
Define crude birth rate
The number of births per thousand of the population every year
Define crude death rate
The number of deaths per thousand of the population every year
Define natural change
It is the difference between the crude brith rate and crude death rate
Describe stage one/ high stationary of the dtm
High brith and death rates, therefore population relatively stable
Describe stage 2/ early expansion of the dtm
Death rate drops causing a population increase
Describe stage 3/ late expansion of the dtm
Birth rate falls. This causes the population to still grow but at a much slower steady rate
Describe stage 4/ low stationary of the dtm
The birth rate has fallen to the same as the death rate menacing population will be maintained and grow very slowly
Describe stage 5/ decline of the dtm
In some cases the brith rate will fall below the death rate. When the occurs population is in decline. Germany is said to be in this stage
Suggest reasons for falling death rates
Improved health care better education so better doctors
Improved sanitation, better access to clean water this reduces the spread of waterborne diseases such as cholera and typhoid
Decreased infant mortality rate
Improved transport of food and improved food production
Reasons for falling birth rates
An increased desire for material possessions and a reduced interest in large families
Low infant mortality rate, meaning children are now surviving through to adulthood and parents do not need to have as many
Female emancipation- more women going to uni and have careers delays having children
Increased use of family planning and contraception.
What do population pyramids show?
Age and gender
What do ledc population pyramids usually have
Wide bases due to high birth rates
Rapidly decreasing sides due to infant deaths and high brith rates
Very sharp points indicating very few elderly people
What do medc population pyramids usually have?
Narrower base due to a slow growth of population or not at all.
Sides aren’t steep like ledc as their population are not growing and have low levels of infant mortality and good health care
Good life expectancy so doesn’t taper off.
Define youth dependant group
People aged between 0 and 14. Don’t work and rely on adults for support
Define economically active group
People aged between 15 and 64. They work and pay taxes to help support the dependant for example schools, healthcare and roads.
Define aged dependant groups
These people are over 65, no longer work and depend on the government for support. This group is likely to need more and more social and health care as they age.
How to calculate the dependency rate?
Dependency ratio = youth + aged dependant divided by economically active times 100
Advantages of aged dependant population
Add experience to work force
Growing grey market for leisure and health products
Construction boom in favoured retirement locations such as the Costa del sol.
What are the disadvantages and solutions of an aged dependant population
Cost of providing pensions, health care and sheltered housing leads to increased taxes.
This will place additional pressures on healthcare services therefore increasing wait times.
This places extra stress in families caring for their older relatives. This is particularly evident for elders with degenerative diseases such as dementia
What are solutions to having an aged dependant population
Abolish state pensions
Raise retirement age
Increases taxes
Sell homes of elderly to pay for retirement care
What are the advantages of a youth dependant population
Provides a large cheap work force
Provides a growing market for manufactured products
What are the disadvantages of having a youth dependant population
Put huge pressures on education system
Lack of available jobs in the future
What are the solutions to having a youth dependant population
Family planning
Industrialisation to provide jobs
Education
Emancipation of women
What are push factors and examples
Something that encourages people to move away from an area
War
Famine
Unemployment
Poverty
Natural disaster
What is a pull factor and examples
A pull factor is something about the environment that attracts people to a place
Job opportunities
Better schools
Better quality of life
Better access to hospital care
What are some physical barriers to migration
Seas- can be a physical barrier and be dangerous as many migrants try to cross them in inadequate transport without life jackets. Many don’t make the journey and drown
Deserts - can be difficult to cross due to their harsh conditions and lack of resources
Mountains- can greatly reduce the effective mobility of vehicles and few are suited to mountain travel.
What are some human barriers to migration?
Visas- sometimes countries require visas to enter. These can limit how long a person can stay in a country and if they can work. Therefore migrants may find it hard to obtain visas
Financial barriers- many people do not poses the funds to migrate, transport costs, obtaining visas and lack of employment can be very expensive
Political barriers- immigration laws, may prevent migration and keep some people out of a country.
Define asylum seeker
A person who crosses a border to another country to seek protection or shelter due to war, drought or famine.
Asylum is an old word meaning hiding place or a place of protection and shelter
Define refugee
A person who is protected from going back to their own country of origin because of a proven fear of persecution
Refugee status is recognised across the world as protection from being persecuted people fleeing drought or famine may have less protection
Define economic migrant
A person who moves to improve their chances of getting employment and earning money.
These migrants are often young men
Often once they are settled they bring other members of ther family to join them.
A person who willingly leaves their country due to poor economic conditions and moves to a new country to improve their standards of living.
What are challenges for migrants coming to Greece
Dangerous journey conditions- often travel in dinghies unsuitable for the journey across the sea. People are often dehydrated trued hungry sick and suffering from sun stroke. They may also fall victim to human trafficking gangs.
Overcrowded camps- eg Moria camp has 30 people per shelter fabricated from shipping containers
Lack of resources - Greek economy in recession, can only provide most basic help.
Bottle neck in Greece- Greece must process each asylum application before migrants can be transported back to turkey or granted asylum. In the first 6 months only 468 were returned out of near 10,000 people who arrived.
What are the challenges for Greece with migrants
Strain on resources. Around 600 people were arriving daily. Many are coming to the tiny island of Lesbos. Greece is being left to cope with this migrant crisis.
Loss of tourism- the uncontrolled flow of migrants to Greece is putting pressure on Greek tourism.
Anti migrant sentiment- xenophobia in Greece increases with immigrants even being attacked by supporters of the neo-Nazi golden dawn party.
Economic problems- ongoing cost of keeping large numbers of migrants in Greece while other countries in Europe decide how many Syrians are accepted as refugees. The economy cannot cope with this many new arrivals.
