Development Flashcards
Define development
The level of economic growth and wealth of a country. The use of resources , natural and human, to achieve higher standards of living. This can include economic factors, social measures and issues such as freedom.
Define development gap
The division between wealthy and poor areas, in particular the disparity between LEDCs and MEDCs.
What are the two types of indicators?
Social and economic indicators.
What is a type of economic indicator? Give examples
GNI pc (gross national income per capita) the total wealth of a country in one year divided by the total number of people.
Eg. Sweden GNI pc is 62,990. Uruguay is 18,030
Give an example of social indicators
Life expectancy.
E.g japan has a 84.85 life expectancy. Nigeria has 54.
What are the problems with economic indicators
GNI pc is unrealistic as not every single person in the country will earn the same amount of money- this indicator does not display interest-regional variations.
Working how much money is earned within a country in a year is becoming an increasingly complicated job to do.
What are the problems with social indicators?
Social info is obtained from census. This makes it difficult to get info about every person in a country, especially if a lot of the population live in remote areas.
Some argue they do not give a true picture of development in a country as sometimes political decisions influence how much money is spent on things like healthcare.
What is the human development index?
Expressed as a figure from 0 to 1. It combines a measurement of health, wealth and education
Life expectancy (health)
GDP per capita (wealth)
Adult literacy rate and combined primary, secondary and tertiary enrolment (education)
Give examples of places with a high and low HDI
Australia- 0.9
Somalia- 0.39
What are the advantages of HDI?
Combined economic and social data allows for a more accurate representation of the country’s development.
Updated each year
Economic problems in a country will affect the HDI as a drop in income will reduce standard of living.
What are the disadvantages of HDI?
HDI is dependant on economic wealth. With GNI a component, wealth is still deemed to be a major aspect of development.
Which factors hinder development?
Historical factors
Environmental factors
Dependant on primary factors
Debt
How can debt hinder development?
Following colonialism MEDCs lent large amounts of money to LEDCs. Therefore money made by these LEDCs must be spent on repaying debt and not improving a countries infrastructure.
Many countries struggle to pay off the banks
E.g Ecuador borrowed $3 billion from international lenders in the 1970s. Today the debt still needs paid off plus interest leaving a total of $10 billion.
How can dependance on primary factors (natural resources) hinder development?
Many LEDCs are reliant on primary industries.
This is a problem as prices for primary products vary from year to year. This makes it hard to plan ahead.
E.g copper ore prices fluctuate from $0.8 per pound in 2003 to $4.5 per pound in 2010 and then to $3.5 in 2012.
How can environmental factors hinder development?
Natural disasters can hinder development as LEDCs are less able to afford defences for these hazards and they also often lack finances to reduce the effects for their population once the disasters have happened.
Manny countries around the equator struggle with diseases such as malaria.
How can historical factors hinder development?
Colonialism meant richer countries in the past would take over control of vast areas of land and took resources and wealth from these places.
This caused these countries to become poorer and become dependant on markets of MEDCs. These countries now struggle to create wealth and prosperity.
E.g the Portuguese colonised Brazil in the 16th century.
Name 3 sustainable development goals
Goal 1: end poverty in all its forms everywhere.
Goal 8: attempt to reduce the development gap.
Goal 15: protect and promote sustainable use of the land, including forests and biodiversity.
How do the sustainable development goals attempt to reduce the development gap?
They focus on small scale projects that are designed for the well being of local people.
How is goal one being completed?
Goal 1 wants to eradicate this extreme poverty by 2030. As 1 in 5 people in the world are surviving on less than $1.25 a day.
It also wants to address less extreme poverty, to ensure that these people have access to basic services, land ownership, natural resources and micro finance.
How does goal 8 reduce the development gap?
By 2030 have sustainable growth of at least 7% each year.
By 2030 there is to be full employment and decent work for all women and men. As well as for young people and people with disabilities.
The worst forms of child labour are to be eliminated immediately
Working conditions must be safe and secure.
How does goal 15 attempt to reduce the development gap?
By 2020 all forests will be promoted, deforestation halted and degraded forests restored.
More forests planted
Desertification will be combatted and the land and soil affected will be resorted e.g Sahel in Northern Africa.
By 2030 mountain ecosystems will be conserved to maximise the sustainable benefits.
By 2020 threatened species will be protected and saved from extinction.
What are some criticisms of the SDGs?
Some say they dont go far enough. Some say there are too many goals.
What is appropriate technology?
It is technology which considers the community that it is intended for and the environment in which the community lives. Typically it is made out of few resources, easy to repair, costs less top buy and run and has lower impacts on the environment than other technologies.
What problems does the hippo roller try to solve?
Developed in 1991 by two South Africans to help rural women and children.
As carrying waters traditionally was laborious and back breaking, causing spinal damage.
It was also very time consuming which meant women couldn’t work and children couldn’t attend school.
The roller is a 90 litre drum with a steel handle for to be rolled.
What are the advantages of the hippo roller?
Durable
Recyclable
Needs no power
Requires no power
Children have more time for employment and education.
Reduces long term spinal damage
Used in more than 20 countries by more than 300,000 people.
What are disadvantages of the hippo roller?
Costs $90 per barrel
Can be difficult to control if not full
Difficult to fill from shallow source
Sentiment doesn’t settle as it would in normal container.
How does fair trade help LEDCs?
Guarantees farmers a fair price
Farmers can provide basic needs for their families
Gets farmers training
Encourages minimising or eradicating toxic pesticides
Supports workers in terms of rights and t&c’s of work
Promotes diversification of produce
Examples of fair trade
Luis in Ecuador a banana farmer gets more money per 20kg. Fair trade also provided his community with clean water and an improvement in healthcare and schools.
Define globalisation
The way in which countries from all over the world are becoming linked by trade ideas and technology.
What does globalisation involve?
Increased movement of people goods money and ideas
However this movement leads to diseases moving easily across the globe eg covid
Trade can create jobs in poorer countries
3x more goods are shipped than 20 years ago
How can globalisation help a BRIC country (India)
India now has the world’s third largest economy in terms of purchasing power.
Now recognised as a global player as a member of the G20
Success of high tech industries has seen the return of huge numbers of skilled Indians who moved overseas to get work this is called the brain gain
See notes for more
How can globalisation hinder a BRIC country?
Almost half of children under 5 are malnourished. By contrast a third of the wealthiest families children are over nourished.
Less than a third of homes in India have a toilet
Of India’s 500,000 villages less than half have connection to electricity.
See notes for more.
