Population and Migration

Question 1

What is crude birth rate?

Answer 1

The number of live births per 1000 people per year.

Question 2

What is crude death rate?

Answer 2

The number of deaths per 1000 people per year.

Question 3

What is the natural change?

Answer 3

The difference between the birth rate and the death rate.

Question 4

When does natural increase occur?

Answer 4

When the birth rate is more than the death rate.

Question 5

When does natural decrease occur?

Answer 5

When the death rate is higher than the birth rate.

Question 6

What does the Demographic Transition model show?

Answer 6

A summary of the changing population of a country.

Question 7

What is demography?

Answer 7

The study of population.

Question 8

What are the reasons for falling death rates?

Answer 8

1. Better health care, more hospitals, increased access to medicines and more knowledge of how diseases spread.
2. More doctors, enabling more patients to be treated.
3. Better hygiene, decreasing risk of infection,
4. Common diseases eradicated (smallpox) and others now more easily treated (measles).
5. Better diet, improving health of the population so fewer people become ill and others are better able to survive if they do become ill.
6. Clean drinking water.

Question 9

What are the reasons for falling death rates?

Answer 9

1. Decreasing child mortality: children more likely to live past infancy, so people tend to have less children.
2. As the population moves to cities and machinery is used more in agriculture, people do not need to have children to work on farms.
3. Better education means more awareness of how families can be planned by using birth control methods.
4. Increased opportunities for women through education may mean more delay starting a family.
5. Changing perception of gender roles accept that women can take on more responsible jobs and are not confined to housekeeping and child-rearing.

Question 10

What are the advantages of the Demographic Transition Model?

Answer 10

1. Good generalised picture of how a population changes over time.
2. Easy to compare a country’s demographics with the DTM.
3. You can forecast what a country’s population may look like in future - good for government planning of policies.

Question 11

What are the disadvantages of the Demographic Transition Model?

Answer 11

1. DTM was created data from MEDC’s meaning DTM is not valid worldwide.
2. DTM didn’t originally have a stage 5.
3. DTM doesn’t take in factors like levels of education and role of women which all affect DTM.
4. The populations in different countries change in different ways.
5. Extreme poverty limits population growth and prevents LEDC’s moving through any stages.
6. DTM can’t predict when each country will reach each stage and for how long they will be in that stage.
7. DTM doesn’t consider the effect of migration.
8. Other factors - population policies, diseases and civil wars.

Question 12

What is population structure?

Answer 12

The way the population is divided between male and female, and between the different age groups.

Question 13

What is the age dependent population?

Answer 13

65+. Group of population which have stopped working and starting to rely on pensions or other savings. Likely need more social and health care.

Question 14

What is the independent or working population?

Answer 14

15-64. Part of population likely to contain wage earners and those who pay taxes to support schools, clinics and hospitals, etc.

Question 15

What is the youth-dependent population?

Answer 15

0-14. Portion of population not likely to be very economically active. Unlikely to be big earners and likely, even in LEDC’s, to be supported by their families or older population. Require schooling and to be fed.

Question 16

What is dependency?

Answer 16

How dependent the aged and youth dependent groups of people are on the people who are of working age to support them.

Question 17

What is the aged dependent age?

Answer 17

65+

Question 18

What is the youth dependent age?

Answer 18

0-14.

Question 19

What is the calculation for dependency ratio?

Answer 19

Dependency ratio = youth dependent + aged dependent / working population x 100

Question 20

What are the implications of aged and youth dependency?

Answer 20

Working population needed to provide tax money to pay for services.

If there are lots of dependent people and fewer of working age, there are economic implications (to do with money).

Also social implications (to do with people).

Question 21

What are the social and economic costs of aged dependency in MEDC’s?

Answer 21

Social:
1. Strain on carers.
2. Adults giving up careers to care for elderly relatives.

Economic:
1. Adults giving up careers to care for elderly relatives.
2. Expensive healthcare for elderly.
3. Residential homes needed.
4. Pensions.

Question 22

What are the social and economic benefits of aged dependency in MEDC’s?

Answer 22

Social:
1. Elderly provide wise advice.
2. Meals on wheels and home helps.

Economic:
1. Pensions.

Question 23

What are the social and economic costs of youth dependency in LEDC’s?

Answer 23

Social:
1. Lack of teachers.
2. Strain on primary schools - some operate 2 half-day sessions for different groups of pupils.
3. Lack of school buildings and facilities.

Economic:
1. Lack of school buildings and facilities.
2. Large number of infant vaccinations needed.
3. Lack of teachers.
4. Strain on primary schools - some operate half-day sessions for different groups of pupils.

Question 24

What are the social and economic benefits of youth dependency in LEDC’s?

Answer 24

Social:
1. Relatives may be able to provide childcare.

Economic:
1. Lost of young adults entering labour market.
2. Relatives may be able to provide childcare.

Question 25

What does migration mean?

Answer 25

Permanent movement of people from one place to another.

Question 26

What this immigration?

Answer 26

Moving into a country.

Question 27

What is emigration?

Answer 27

Moving out of a country.

Question 28

What are push factors?

Answer 28

Negative things that push you away from a place - make you want to leave, like high crime rates.

Question 29

What are pull factors?

Answer 29

Positive things that pull you towards a place - make you want to go there, such as better-paid jobs.

Question 30

What are some examples of push factors?

Answer 30

Natural disasters
Poverty
Unemployment
War
Lack of opportunities
High crime
Crop failure
Lack of services

Question 31

What are some examples of pull factors?

Answer 31

Employment
Political and religious freedom
Improved quality of life
Safety
Better services
Less crime
Fertile land
Lower risk of natural hazards
Good climate
More wealth
Political stability

Question 32

What are human barriers to migration?

Answer 32

Created by people, prevent migration.

E.g to live and work in USA you need special kind of visa, not everyone is entitled to this. Cost may also act as a barrier, and family ties.

Question 33

What are physical barriers to migration?

Answer 33

Natural features that stop people moving from one place to another.

Barrier may be mountains, the sea, a river, a desert. Sometimes called topography, meaning arrangement of natural features.

Question 34

What is an economic migrant?

Answer 34

Someone who moves because they want to improve their chance of getting employment and earning money.

Question 35

What is a refugee?

Answer 35

Someone who is fleeing wars or persecution and has been granted protection by their destination country.

Question 36

What is an asylum seeker?

Answer 36

Someone who is fleeing from an area, like a refugee, and is seeking protection from their destination country, but has to apply to become a refugee.

Question 37

What are the differences between an asylum seeker and a refugee?

Answer 37

Asylum seeker is applying to gain protection from destination country, but a refugee is officially recognised as being protected from persecution by the destination country.

Asylum seekers cannot work in their new country, but refugees are allowed to look for work.

Question 38

What are the basic facts of the case study: Greece?

Answer 38

1. Refugees travel via Turkey from Syria, as well as Afghanistan and Iraq, to get to Europe, fleeing from war zones.
2. Other refugees come from African countries such as Eritrea and Somalia.
3. Most arrive by boat after dangerous journey.
4. 240,000 arrived in January-August 2016. About a quarter of these were children.
5. Many migrants became stuck in Greece as other European countries prevented them travelling further.

Question 39

What are the challenges faced by refugees in the case study: Greece?

Answer 39

1. Dangerous journey - paying people-smugglers to take them across Mediterranean, often in overcrowded boats.
2. Living in overcrowded camps, such as Moria camp, with limited food and shelter, up to 30 people living in shelter made from shipping container.
3. Limited education for children and no chance to put down roots and find jobs.
4. Threatened with being sent back.

Question 40

What are the challenges faced by Greece in the case study: Greece?

Answer 40

1. Poor economy - 25% unemployment, limited resources to provide for refugees.
2. Limited support from other European countries, preventing migrants moving further north, resulting in large refugee camps at border with Macedonia, housing 12,000 people.
3. Anti-immigrant sentiment rising in Greek population as people fear refugees will take their jobs and resources - neo-Nazi Golden Dawn Party supporters have attacked migrants.
4. Large number of refugees - 62,000 in 2017.