Contrasts In World Development

Question 1

What is development?

Answer 1

Level of economic growth and wealth of a country.

Question 2

What does development affect?

Answer 2

People’s incomes and their standard of living.

Question 3

What is a more development country more likely to have compared to a less developed country?

Answer 3

Good healthcare and education systems.

Question 4

What is the development gap?

Answer 4

Difference in development between richer and poorer countries.

Question 5

What are MEDC’s?

Answer 5

More economically developed countries.

Richer countries.

Question 6

What are some examples of MEDC’s?

Answer 6

UK or USA.

Question 7

What are LEDC’s?

Answer 7

Less economically developed countries.

Poorer countries.

Question 8

What are some examples of LEDC’s?

Answer 8

India or Kenya.

Question 9

What is the north-south divide?

Answer 9

Division used to show contrast between countries in the north that are more economically developed compared to countries in the south that are less economically developed.

It refers to differences in wealth (gross national income).

Countries in north on average have higher GNI per person than countries in south and so are more economically developed, creates large development gap, except for Australia and New Zealand.

Question 10

What is GNI per capita?

Answer 10

Total value of all goods and services produced in a country in year plus income from abroad, divided by number of people (per capita) living in country. (Economic indicator).

Question 11

What does GNI per capita allow us to do?

Answer 11

Compare wealth between different countries.

Question 12

What are the issues with GNI per capita when comparing the wealth of different countries?

Answer 12

Calculation only tells average income within a country.
Wealth of a country may not be shared out equally.
Some people may appear na lot of money, whereas others may have very little.

Question 13

What are the key indicators of development?

Answer 13

Life expectancy
Annual population growth
Urban population
Adult literacy
Human development rank

Question 14

What is life expectancy?

Answer 14

Number of years a person is expected to live for, on average, at birth.

Question 15

What is annual population growth?

Answer 15

Rate at which population is growing, calculated by subtracting death rate from birth rate.
Minus figure would indicate falling population.

Question 16

What is urban population?

Answer 16

Proportion of population that lives in towns or cities.

Question 17

Wha this adult literacy?

Answer 17

% of people age 15 or over who can read and write.

Question 18

What is the human development rank?

Answer 18

Position of a country on human development table produced by Untied Nations.

Question 19

What is the human development index (HDI) made up of?

Answer 19

GNI per capita
Number of years of education
Life expectancy

Question 20

Wha this the range for HDI values?

Answer 20

0 (less developed) to 1 (more developed).

Question 21

What type of measure is HDI?

Answer 21

Composite measure.

Question 22

What does HDI look at?

Answer 22

Health, wealth and education.

Question 23

What can HDI be used for?

Answer 23

Give better overall idea of how a country is doing.

Question 24

What does HDI not consider?

Answer 24

Inequality or environmental issues.
E.g. gender pay gap - difference between average earnings of men and women.

Question 25

What are the factors that hinder development in LEDC’s?

Answer 25

Historical factors
Dependency on primary activities
Debt
Environmental factors

Question 26

How have historical factors hindered the development of LEDC’s?

Answer 26

Colonisation - South America, Central America, Africa and Asia > France, Spain, Portugal, etc > Raw materials > Uk > Slavery > Plantations > West Indies, USA.

Manufactured in colonising country, e.g. UK - India grew cotton > Weaving banned > Made in England > Sold back to India.

Manly negative effects - Long term > always lagging behind playing catch up > Competitive disadvantage.

Some benefits - > Infrastructure but there to benefit coloniser.

Lands carved up between European powers.

Question 27

How has dependency on primary activities hindered the development of LEDC’s?

Answer 27

Most work farming, forestry, mining, etc - E.g. Zambia > Copper 85% of its exports.

Foods often from LEDC’s - Depend on agriculture > Copper, cotton, bananas > Prices vary year to year > Difficult to plan ahead.

Competition between LEDC’s drives prices down.

Minerals, e.g. iron ore located in LEDC - Rich MEDC companies mine, clean, export, manufacture.

Question 28

How has debt hindered the development of LEDC’s?

Answer 28

Borrow from IMF countries, multinational countries - Repaid with interest > Social spending secondary to debt repayment.

Politics - LEDC’s unstable and corrupt > Power in hands of a few > Few rich, most are poor > Power struggles > Aid never gets to poor > Lines pockets of rich elite > Ethnic tensions > Violence > Civil war > Saddam Hussein Iraq.

End of Colonialism - Loans > Large scale construction > Motorways > Hydroelectric dams > Airports.

Ecuador - Poverty > Human cost > 1970s $3 billion borrowed > Military dictatorship > 2007 paid off $1.75 billion > More than health and social spending > Now owes $34 billion.

2008 Default Refusal to Pay! Immoral, unfair - Harsh trade consequences, unofficial sanctions, unable to buy products.

Question 29

What are the environmental factors the hinder the development of LEDCs?

Answer 29

Natural hazards
Diseases
Pressure from environmental activities

Question 30

How do natural hazards hinder the development of LEDCs?

Answer 30

Droughts, floods, hurricanes, earthquakes and volcanoes often hinder economic development.

LEDCs less able to afford to build defences compared to MEDCs for these hazards and often lack finances to reduce effects for their population once disasters have happened.

Question 31

How do diseases hinder the development of LEDCs?

Answer 31

Many LEDCs located in tropical climates where diseases thrive.

Malaria, no longer common in Europe, is major problem in Africa, particularly as illness restricts how effectively someone can work.

HIV/AIDS is problem for many African countries as many communities do not have access to health care and treatments that rich countries have to contain the disease.

Question 32

How does pressure from environmental activities hinder the development of LEDCs?

Answer 32

Mining, forestry and tourism all put environment in many LEDCs at risk.

E.g. deforestation earns a lot of money for a country but land becomes vulnerable to desertification.

Rainforests cleared for cattle ranch if to produce beef are vulnerable to land being left with little agricultural value due to leaching of minerals because of high rainfall.

Clearance of mangroves in South East Asia to farm prawns leaves coastal areas vulnerable to storms.

Question 33

What are the main sustainable development goals?

Answer 33

End poverty in all its forms everywhere
Sustainable economic growth and full development for all
Protect and promote sustainable use of land, including forests and biodiversity

Question 34

What are the aims of the sustainable development goal to end poverty in all its forms everywhere?

Answer 34

1 in 5 people still in extreme property, living on less than $1.25 a day.

Aims to eradicate property, so people have higher incomes and governments can spend more on healthcare and education.

Would reduce gap between poor and rich countries.

Question 35

What are the aims of the sustainable development goal to have sustainable economic growth and full employment for all?

Answer 35

Aims to have full employment and decent work for all adults, including young people and those with disabilities.

Poorest countries should have growth rate of 7% per year in GDP.