As2 Revision

Question 1

What is the demographic transition model?

Answer 1

A summary of the changing population of a country.

Question 2

What is birth rate?

Answer 2

The number of live births per 1000 people per year

Question 3

What is death rate?

Answer 3

The number of deaths per 1000 people per year.

Question 4

What is natural increase?

Answer 4

When more people are being born than are dying in any year, so population will increase.

Question 5

How do you explain a demographic transition model?

Answer 5

Stage 1 (high fluctuating) - population small and does not change much as very high death rates due to poor food supplies and healthcare in many countries. Caused people to have lots of children as some would die, so birth rates also high.

Stage 2 (early expanding) - some richer countries manage to reduce death rate with better food and healthcare. Birth rate still high, so population of world increased.

Stage 3 (late expanding) - these countries start to reduce birth rates as more children are surviving. Populations kept growing but not as fast.

Stage 4 (low fluctuating) - rich countries became more developed, birth rates and death rates both reached low level. Populations stay high but stops growing.

Stage 5 (decline) - wealthiest countries begin to experience population decrease. Birth rate very low. Death rates start to increase as more of population is elderly.

Question 6

What are the differences between an economic migrant and a refugee?

Answer 6

Economic migrant is someone who chooses to move as want to improve chance of getting employment and earning money.

However, refugee is someone who is forced to flee wars or persecution and has been granted protection by destination country - country they moved to.

Question 7

What are the challenges faced by refugees?

Answer 7

Language barrier
Cultural barriers
Education
Finding employment
Discrimination, racism
Finding housing
Lack of access to services and healthcare
Trauma
Financial barriers
Transportation

Question 8

What are physical challenges faced by refugees?

Answer 8

Natural features stop people from moving to another country:

Sea - have to pay people smugglers to get onto overcrowded dinghies with no life jackets to be able to cross, high chance of drowning, not risk many want to take.

Desert - have to walk long distances in harsh climate with high likelihood of dehydration or heat stroke which can lead to death.

Mountain - challenging to traverse with dangerous roads and paths that can cause death from falls, landslides or avalanches.

Question 9

What are the challenges faced by refugees and the destination to which they travel case study?

Answer 9

In 2016, 240,000 refugees arrived in Greece in January to August, who travelled via Turkey from Syria, as well as Afghanistan, Iraq and some African countries such as Eritrea and Somalia, to get to Europe, fleeing from war zones.

Challenges faced by refugees due to this were living in overcrowded camps, such as Moria camp, with limited food and shelter, where up to 30 people were living in shelter made from shipping container. Also limited education for children with no chance to put down roots or find jobs and many were threatened with being sent back.

Challenges faced by Greece due to this were limited support from other European countries, preventing migrants moving further into Europe, resulting in large refugee camps at border with North Macedonia, housing 12,000 refugees. Also anti-immigration sentiment trining in Greece due to people fearing refugees would take their jobs and resources, causing neo-Nazi Golden Dawn Party supporters to attack many migrants. Finally large number of refugees, 62,000, that arrived in 2017 caused economic issues such as resources for Greece.

Question 10

What are the economic implications of aged dependency in MEDC’s?

Answer 10

Costs:

Adults giving up careers to care for elderly relatives.
Expensive healthcare for elderly.
Residential homes needed.
Pensions.

Benefits:

Pensions.

Question 11

What are the social implications of aged dependency in MEDC’s?

Answer 11

Costs:

Stain on carers.
Adults giving up careers to car for elderly.

Benefits:

Elderly provide wise advice.
Meals on wheels and home helps.

Question 12

What are the economic implications of youth dependency in LEDC’s?

Answer 12

Costs:

Lack of school buildings and facilities.
Large numbers of infant vaccinations needed.
Lack of teachers.
Strain on primary schools - some operate 2 half-day sessions for different groups of pupils.

Benefits:

Lots of young adults entering labour market.
Relatives may be able to provide childcare.

Question 13

What are the social implications of youth dependency in LEDC’s?

Answer 13

Costs:

Lack of teachers.
Strain of primary schools - some operate 2 half-day sessions for different groups of pupils.
Lack of school buildings and facilities.

Benefits:

Relatives may be able to provide childcare.

Question 14

What are the typical land use zones across a city?

Answer 14

Central business district (CBD)
Inner city
Suburbs
Rural-urban fringe

Question 15

What are the characteristics of the central business district?

Answer 15

Shops, offices, entertainment.
Easy access by bus, train or car.
Land expensive as space is limited, so people build skyscrapers.

Question 16

What are the characteristics of the inner city?

Answer 16

Some buildings are old, dilapidated and boarded up, awaiting redevelopment.
Some former houses converted into small offices.
Larger houses divided up to make smaller flats, often for students.
Some high-rise blocks of flats.
Some areas rebuilt or converted into larger expensive apartments - gentrification.

Question 17

What are the characteristics of the suburbs?

Answer 17

Mainly housing, some light industry and shopping.
Often detached houses.

Question 18

What are the characteristics of the rural-urban fringe?

Answer 18

Zone of mixed urban and rural land uses.
Space available for golf course, recycling centre, hospital or airport.
Sometimes urban sprawl means town or city can gradually take over countryside.

Question 19

What are the issues of traffic congestion?

Answer 19

Streets in inner city are narrow, built when most people walked.
Inner-city residents often have no garages or driveways so park on road.
People driving into CBD may try to park in inner-city streets to avoid parking charges.

Question 20

What is the process of gentrification?

Answer 20

Process where people with higher incomes buy properties and renovate them to live in themselves of to sell.

Question 21

How has the urban planning scheme in the Titanic Quarter, Belfast improved housing and transport?

Answer 21

The urban planning scheme in the Titanic Quarter of Belfast, 75-hectare site in the inner city, has improved housing as 7,500 apartments and townhouses are to be built, such as the ARC, with 474 apartments. This will benefit the area as it will attract more people seeking jobs in the area, increasing employment for companies and reducing travel time and congestion. All the new buildings use energy conservation, solar heating and rainwater harvesting to reduce their environmental impact, making them more appealing for people to move there. Also, this mix of housing, work and leisure in one area will benefit transport as it will reduce problems of congestion and pollution as people to not have to commute as far due to everything being in walking distance for residents. Moreover, dedicated bus services, a £5 million cycle path and pedestrian walkway upgrade at Lagan Weir opened in 2015, linking the Titanic Quarter with the city centre and reducing travel time and making commuting much easier for many people.

Question 22

Where are shanty towns located in Kolkata, India and why are they located there?

Answer 22

Shanty towns are collections of houses where people have built their own houses as they cannot afford to rent of buy. They are often unplanned and lack basic services like clean water.

In Kolkata, India, many of the older shanty towns are located near the city centre as over time, the city has expanded and many old buildings which have become derelict, meaning people have used them as slums to live in.

However many of the newer shanty towns are found on the edge of the city where there is vacant land, especially in the east of the city. Many are built near factories and main road junctions, and along canals, such as Jagarani. Extremely deprived people build their houses near factories for jobs as they do not have to commute as far, or near roads for buses to make travelling easier. Much of this land is cheap and unwanted so is less likely to be bulldozed, giving people the opportunity to built their homes without the risk of them being destroyed for city projects, providing them with some permanent in living and security.

Question 23

What are the issues of ethnic tensions in communities?

Answer 23

Large communities of different cultures in cheap housing in inner city.

Ethnic tensions - Different ethnic groups may experience tension or conflict between two minority groups or one immigrant group and host population. May not understand each other or worried newcomers will take jobs, e.g. in Belfast, 100 Roma people left their homes in 2009 after attacks.

Question 24

What are the issues with religious tensions in communities?

Answer 24

Religious tensions - People’s loyalty to their religion is strong, creates tensions with other religious groups. Hate crimes in London increased against Muslims from 478 in 2013-14 to 816 in 2014-15.

Question 25

What are the issues with language barriers in communities?

Answer 25

Language barriers - Mix of cultures means mix of languages. About 300 languages spoken in London, e.g. Bengali and Urdu. Many recent immigrants or older people struggle to learn English, so struggle to access health services, employment or benefits.