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Biology 30 > Population and Community Dynamics > Flashcards

Population and Community Dynamics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Hardy-Weinberg Principle?

A

Identifying the genetic information of an entire population by measuring an allele frequency.

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2
Q

What are the 5 conditions of the Hardy Weinberg Principle.

A
  • Large population
  • No migrations
  • No mutations
  • No natural selection
  • Mating is random
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3
Q

How do p and q relate to allele and genotype frequencies?

A

p= dominant allele frequency
q=recessive allele frequency
p^2= homozygous dominant genotype frequency
q^2 = homozygous recessive genotype frequency
2pq=heterozygous genotype frequency

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4
Q

What is the Hardy Weinburg equation?

A

p + q = 1, p^2 + q^2 +2pq = 1

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5
Q

What is natural selection?

A

The result of differential reproductive success of individuals caused by variations in their inherited characteristics

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6
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

Changes to an allele frequency as a result of chance ( random ie, volcano erupting)

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7
Q

What is gene flow?

A

The movement of alleles from one population to another through movement of individuals or gametes

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8
Q

What is non-random mating?

A
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9
Q

What is the bottleneck effect?

A

A dramatic, often temporary, reduction in population size, usually resulting in significant genetic drift

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10
Q

What is the founders effect?

A

A genetic drift that results when a small number of individuals separate from their original population and find a new population

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11
Q

What is Migration?

A

Species moving to a certain area

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12
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A change in the DNA sequence of a chromosome

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13
Q

What is speciation and how does that relate to geographical isolation?

A

Speciation is the formation of new species, this can occur through geographical isolation when one species becomes geographically separated from another population of its kind.

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14
Q

How does speciation relate to reproductive isolation?

A

Reproductive isolation is when through different expressed genetic characteristics …, different structures, chemicals, rituals(mating patterns/habitats) reproductive isolation could occur, and even though offspring can produced they will not be fertile.

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15
Q

What is a population?

A

A group of organisms of the same species that live in the same habitat or ecosystem at the same time.

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16
Q

What is density dependent?

A

A factor in an ecosystem that affects members of population because of the population density. Infectious disease

17
Q

What is density independent?

A

A factor in an ecosystem that effects members of a population regardless of population. Floods

18
Q

What is carrying capacity?

A

The maximum number of spices that can be supported by an ecosystem.

19
Q

What is environmental resistance?

A

Any factor that limits a population’s ability to realize its biotic potential when it nears or exceeds the enviorment’s carrying capacity

20
Q

What is logistical growth?

A

A model of population growth describing growth that levels off as the size of the population approaches its carrying capacity

21
Q

What is exponential growth?

A

A pattern of population growth in which the population size increases by a rate per a fixed unity of time

22
Q

What is an S-shaped growth curve?

A

It is where carrying capacity is established, it is typical with open populations, having logistic growth, typical with K selected organisms.

23
Q

What is a J-shaped growth curve?

A

It is typical in closed populations, including exponential growth, and typical in r selected organisms.

24
Q

What are K-selected organisms (characteristics)?

A

K selected organisms =karrying capacity
- Large organisms
- Late sexual maturity
- Parental care
- Long life span
- Few offspring
- Population size dictated by carrying capacity

25
Q

What are R-selected organisms (characteristics)

A

R selected organisms = biotic potential
- Small organisms
- Early sexual maturity
- No parental care
- Short life span
- Many offspring
- High infant maturity
- ‘Boom and bust” life cycles

26
Q

What is commensalism?

A

A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other organism is unaffected +/0

27
Q

What is mutualism?

A

A symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit and neither is harmed. +/+

28
Q

What is parasitism?

A

A symbiotic relationship in which one organism (the parasite) benefits at the expense of the other organism (the host), which is often harmed, but not killed. -/+

29
Q

What are predator-prey relationships?

A

Preditors will increase the genetic health of the prey populations, by removing the weak, old, sick, and mutated. Predation can be seen as an environmental resistance factor for the eprey population that keeps the population close to carrying capacity. (NOT A J CURVE)

30
Q

What are some defence mechanisms used by prey?

A

Camouflage - An adaption in form, shape, or behaviour that enables organisms to avoid predators.
Mimicry - A form of camouflage that involves developing similar colour patterns, shapes, or behaviours that has provided another organism with some survival advantage.

31
Q

What is interspecific competition?

A

Competition between individuals of different species.

32
Q

What is intraspecific competition?

A

an ecological interaction in which individuals of the same species complete for resources in their habitat.

33
Q

What is succession and community?

A

community - All the organisms of various species that share a habitat or ecosystem.
Succession - A slow, progressive replacement of one community by another during the development of vegetation in any area.

34
Q

What are pioneer, climax, and seral communities?

A

Pioneer community - All the first species to appear during a succession.
Seral community - the overlapping communities that form between the pioneer community and the climax community.
Climax - the final, relatively stable community reached during successional stages.

35
Q

Primary VS secondary succession?

A

Primary succession - the occupation, by plant life, of an area not previously covered by vegiation.

Biology 30 (8 decks)

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