Population Flashcards
What are human factors that cause high population density?
- Access to services, e.g. health and education
- High Employment and higher paying jobs
- Good communications, e.g. transport
- Good technology
- Political stability
- Better housing
- Better life
- Lots of shops and entertainment
- Relation already moved
- Low crime rates
What are physical factors that cause high population density?
- Fertile soil and flat land
- Varied/mild climate
- Many natural resources, e.g. coal and oil
- Few natural disasters
What are human factors that cause low population density?
- Poor communications, e.g. transport
- High unemployment/ low employment opportunities with low pay
- Lack of services, e.g. health and education
- Lack of technology
- Civil unrest/war
- Hard work
- High crime rates
What are physical factors that cause low population density?
- Extreme climates, e.g. too hot/cold
- Many natural resources
- Poor soil
- Area isolated/remote
- Starvation
What is birth rate?
The number of births per 1000 people per year
What is death rate?
The number of deaths per 1000 people in a year
What is infant mortality rate?
The annual number of deaths of infants less than one year old per 1000 live births
what is life expectancy?
The number of years that an individual is expected to live as determined by statistics
What is natural increase?
The number of extra people (the birth rate minus the death rate. and is usually given as a percentage
How does population increase?
The birth rate is higher than the death rate
What does a population pyramid with a wide base represent?
A developing country
What does a population pyramid with a Narrow base represent?
A developed country
What does a narrow or wide top of a population pyramid
represent?
- Narrow- low life expectancy and high death rate
- Wide-high life expectancy and low death rate
What does a narrow or wide base of a population pyramid
represent?
- Narrow-low birth rate
- Wide-high birth rate
What are the three age factors that a population pyramid are split into?
- 0-16 young independents
- 16-65 economically active
- 65+ elderly dependants
What are the 7 social and economic development indicators?
- SOCIAL-how acountry uses its wealth to improve the quality of life of its people
- Adult literacy
- Energy used per person
- Infant mortality rate
- Life expectancy
- ECONOMIC-they measure the wealth and industrialisation of a country
- GDP
- People employed in agriculture
- GNP
What is the definition of GDP?
The value of goods produced and services provided in a country in one year. Indicates the wealth of the average person.
What is the definition of GNP?
Similar to GDP but it also includes services earned abroad
What is the definition of people employed in agriculture?
A country with a high proportion of its people employed in agriculture will have little industry to produce wealth. In addition its farms are likely to be small and unprofitable. so a high percentage of people employed in agriculture is a good representation of a developing country and vice versa.
What is the definition of adult literacy?
Percentage of people aged 15 and over who can read and write, shows that a country has good education services.
What is the definition of energy used per person
The amount of energy used in a country, countries producing much wealth will use a lot of energy. People with a higher standard of living will use a lot of petrol in their cars and electricity in their homes.
What is the definition of infant mortality rate?
The amount of children who die before they are one year old indicating how good a countries health services and living conditions are..
What is the definition of life expectancy?
The average period a person may expect to live and shows how good a countries health services and living conditions are.
What are solutions to rapid population growth and how do these affect the population growth?
- One child policy in China - means that less people will have more than one child as they will be fined and those that stick to the rule will get incentives like better education, free health care and preferential housing.
- Family planning clinics/Sex ed - means that people are better educated about protection and the reality of bringing up a child
- Abortion and sterilisation more widely available - means that unplanned births can be terminated
- Contraception being more widely available - results in less unplanned births happen
• Better education for females - if females are better educated they are more likely to get better jobs and have kids later on in life when fertility rates are lower
What are solutions to/the effects of slow population growth?
- More paternity leave - will hopefully encourage parents to have more children as it looks more appealing
- Encourage people to take out private pensions - to reduce the cost of providing public pensions
- Raise retirement age - increases the number of tax payers
- Better maternity benefits like those in France - to encourage parents to have/ have more kids
- Allow in more immigrants - to increase the number of tax payers and workers
- Encourage more women to work - to increase the number of workers and tax payers by providing creches in the work place/better help with child care
What causes and how do these affect slow population growth?
- Contraception is widely available. Which means there is few unplanned births
- Medical advances means that less people choose to have lots of kids as most children survive at birth.
- Children are expensive (£250,00 from 0-18) to bring up so less people are choosing to have kids due to the financial burden
- Due to better education for females, women focus on careers and choose to have kids later in life where fertility rates are lower.
- Family planning/Sex ed is widely available. Which means there is few unplanned births as people are better educated about protection and the reality of bringing up kids.
- Abortion/Sterilisation is widely available. Which means that unplanned births can be terminated
- Due to better health care elderly care people are living for longer, meaning there is less people working and paying taxes.
What causes and how do these affect rapid population growth?
- Contraception isn’t as widely available, which means there is many unplanned births.
- Abortion/ Sterilisation isn’t as widely available so unplanned births cannot be terminated.
- As infant mortality is lower due to poorer health care. Women will have lots of kids in the chance of some surviving
- As agriculture is very high in developing countries, couples have lots of kids to help out with workforce
- Due to little school education, little Sex ed is taught so many people do not know about protection so many unplanned births go ahead
What are the affects of rapid population growth?
Advantages
- These countries become more powerful and less vulnerable to attack, as they have a large number of people available for the armed forces
Disadvantages
- The land becomes more infertile, fewer crops grow, resulting in the people becoming poorer and hungry and people move to cities
- In urban areas the population is increasing even more rapidly becomes of immigrants from the countryside
- The authorities cannot build enough houses for everyone, so people build their own shacks which lack even basic amenities such as water and toilet supply which could lead to an increase in cases of cholera.
- There are not enough jobs for everyone so unemployment rates are highland crime rates rise
- Traffic congestion worsens which could lead to increased pollution in areas
- Services cannot cope with the extra people, so schools and hospitals are overcrowded, and not everyone has access to them.
What are the affects of slow population growth?
Advantages
- There are more people of working age and less money needs to be spent on education because there are fewer children
Disadvantages
- The number of old people in the population is increasing rapidly (greying of the population)
- More money is needed for pensions as population is greying
- More care services like old folks and sheltered homes required
- Old people use services more so price of health care rises
- Health care costs are paid by taxes, but there are now fewer people who pay tax
- There is a decreasing number of people in the armed forces and less future parents
what is the answer to the question; Explain why this population change has happened. You must refer to factors affecting birth and death rates in stages 2, 3 and 4?
Stage 2:
- Birth rate was still very high, whereas death rate fell quite quickly - caused rapid rise in total population as people were living longer.
- Death rates fell because clean water supplies were introduced, reducing spread of disease and at same time proper sewage systems being built which meant water supplies no longer contaminated, reducing
number of people falling ill and dying (2) - Advances in medicine such as introduction of penicillin helped keep death rates low, as people could be treated for and cured from illnesses which might have killed them in past.
- Birth rates were still high as people were used to idea many children may not survive until adulthood and also children were required to go out and work because of poverty
Stage 3:
- Birth rates started to drop much faster as people realised infant mortality was falling and no longer needed to have extra
- Standard of living had improved and wasn’t necessary to have lots of
children to earn income for family any more - Also education about family planning was more common and availability and variety of different methods of contraception was better meaning there was less unplanned births
- Falling birth rate meant that rate of population increase started to slow down.
Stage 4:
- Birth rate fallen so low that in some countries is below death rate and so overall population is falling
- Japan is example of this
