Population Flashcards
What is Vital registration
Official recording of all births (s.b), adaptions, marriages, civil partnerships and deaths.
Births registered 42 days
No later than 5 days from death, ASAP
National census
A count of all the population and the social and economical characteristics that can easily be counted
Every 10 years
Decides best ways to plan fund and deliver every day services
Crude birth rate
Number of live births in a year per 1000 of the mid year population
Crude death rate
Number of deaths in a year per 1000 of the mid year population
What is migration
Refers to a permanent change of residence, usually lasting more than one year
What is gross migration
Total number of in-migrants and out-migrants
Net migration
Balance between people moving in and moving out
Net gain/loss
More migration than emigration
More emigration than migration
What are regional variations
Generally refer to how the population is spread out amongst different areas
and the variations of age groups attracted to this area
What is a dependency ratio
Mathematical sum that allows governments to judge how many people of working age they have relative to how many people are dependent
Age dependency calculated -
Total number over 65/total number 15-64 x 100
Youth dependency calculated
Total number of 0-14/total number 15-64 x 100
Implications of aged dependency in MEDC’s economic
Economical - medical care
Elderly calculated £1.6 billion pounds
Cost is covered by contribution that employees pay from their salaries. No reserve of money for future years
State pension - all pensioners entitled to pension funded by national insurance workers contribution throughout working lives. Retirement used to be 60 for women and 65 for men, now 68 for both
Residential care - government took action. Cost of long term health care in particular in nursing or residential homes has to be paid from patients own funds where possible
Implications of aged dependency MEDC
social
Claimed that a society with a large proportion of elderly should be more stable as younger generations can benefit from elderly’s experience and the advice they can offer. Important of this factor can vary from one country to another depending on how the elderly are perceived
Implications of aged dependency MEDCS
political
Government considered means-testing the state pension - only going to provide it to those who had no alternative source of income. Was a very emotive issue and idea was scrapped as government do not want to lose the ‘grey’ vote as pensioners are a significant group in society.
Residential care homes - in some cases patients would have had to sell their homes to meet cost of nursing homes. Emotive issue but highlights problem of increased financial burden if ageing population
Implications of youth dependency in LEDCS
Economic - economy still largely made up of agriculture, children seen as economic asset. Birth rates remain high. Higher birth rates means larger amounts of money needs to be invested into health care - very difficult(education)
Social - inadequate educational opportunities. Many will not even receive primary level education. Lack of education puts children at disadvantage as an educated and skilled workforce is needed for progression of a county
Political - resources will not meet high demands of population. Eg China, one child policy
How does census info support government
Population - how many people live in an area, government can allocate funding where needed
Education - plans location and need for educational services
Health and disability - health care is planned and concentrated where needed
Transport - working out how and where people travel to and from work, helps understand pressures on transport systems and improves public transport
What types of questions do they ask in census
Demographic
Social
Economic
Reliability of census
And the issues
One of most reliable in world, over 99% respondents returned census and high level of quality assurance Carried out to ensure valid results
Government interference - people may give False info eg working but claiming unemployment benefits
Language, sight and special needs - difficulty completions
Confidentiality - some refuse to fill in form don’t want info to go on file
Reliability issues of census collection in LEDCS
literacy/education rates
Lifestyles - nomadic tribes and families can be difficult to find. Can migrate across international boundaries
Cost - many LEDCS do not have money to spend on such a task
Language barriers - in Cameroon, more than 30 different languages spoke
Transport difficulties for enumerators
Reliability of vital registration LEDC
Kenya - VR reliability
Reliability of data Improved in many LEDCS
Campaign In Kenya launched in 2005 which improved reliability of vital registration
34% rural population registered / 84% urban
Dependency ratio
Shows balance between those of working population and those who are not
Youth dependent + aged dependent x 100
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Working population
Why are governments interested in dependency ratios
Needs to plan for future services and demands
Medcs -population ageing, birth rates falling
Relative size of over 65 group is a concern
Advantages of aged population
- have good disposable incomes. Have significant purchasing power - mortgages paid children raised outings reduced
- many services towards grey population eg SAGA providing holiday homes
- claimed society with a large proportion of elderly will be more stable. Younger generation benefit
- large proportion younger population find employment in care for elderly in types of towns elderly are abundant in
Economic implications of aged population
Disposable income - many elderly find they are much better off than they were in working years
Healthcare - people living longer require extensive healthcare. Government spend increasing amounts of money just to keep people alive
Increased pension - 10 years ago people were not living as long. Now, might retire at 60 and live till 85 - 25 year pension. Strain and pressure on gov.
Social implications of age dependency
Family impact - grandparents alive for later can help with grandparents
Negative - increase in degernerative diseases which puts strain and pressure on family
Loneliness - often 7 year difference between men and women life expectancies. Many women widowed
Ageism - firms have rules over 60’s aren’t allowed to work. Difficult to get job
