A2 Pop And Migration Flashcards
Describe global contrasts in rates of HIV/AIDS infection
Identified as a major concern in 1980’s because of its effects on specific population groups across all levels of development
USA - HIV was in top 15 causes of death between 87-97.
Major problem in LEDCS - Sub Saharan Africa IPRT.
Over two thirds of 33 million people world wide were in sub Saharan Africa in 2007
Hiv deaths in MEDCS fallen eg
Western and Central Europe 0.7m people
Sub Saharan Africa 22m people
Why is there contrasts in HIV
Deaths fallen in MEDC - extensive advertisement programmes on prevention measures, government investment in antiretroviral drugs. Death of celebrities brought the attention to the media.
Affects of HIV
In LEDCS
South Africa - total pop. 48 million
Adult population projected to decrease by 6 million by 2015 cause of HIV.
Falling life expectancy - Botswana decrease by 20 years
Effects on women - worst affected areas, infection rates among women are increasing more rapidly for men. Women 3x more likely to get infected.
Dramatic impact on pop. Structure of these areas. Women more likely die from infection at younger age and number of older women reduces dramatically.
Women at risk because of relative disadvantage in education and decision making in a male dominated society
Many children infected at birth and left orphaned - aprx 12m children orphaned in sub Saharan Africa
Difference between economic migrants and asylum seekers
Economic - seeking to better themselves and/or their families. People who move to another country to work and earn money.
Many single men living in cheap accommodation and working long hours in jobs often below skills capability.
May be due to pull factors
Asylum - seeking a safe haven from a situation where they have been or would be in danger. Could be fleeing from persecution, death or torture.
May be due to push factors
Ecological footprints
Refers to the total number of global hectares required to provide an area with all of its needs including farmland, fuel and water resources as well as the amount of land required to absorb its carbon dioxide and other waste.
The figure is then compared to the actual area of the region
Measurement of land required to sustain a population of any size
How is ecological footprints measured
Why is there variations
Global hectares
1.7 per person to be sustainable
USA - 4.45 per person
Bangladesh - 0.46 per person
High levels car ownership stake MEDCS, high density, industry
How is ecological footprint calculated
Dividing total population by total global hectares
What is the Carbon footprint
Sub set of ecological footprint. Measures the total amount of carbon dioxide emissions that enter the atmosphere as a result of the electricity and fuel we use in everyday life as well as the amount of co2 emissions generated in making the products we buy
Measured in tonnes
Primary footprint - measure of direct emissions eg burning fossil fuels, transportation
Secondary footprint - measure of indirect co2 emissions from the whole lifestyle of products we use
What does barrier mean in context of migration
A barrier is something which has to be overcome in migration process such as the cost of the journey or the language spoken in the area of destination. (Always give definition and example)
What is meant by epidemiological transition
Is a change from people dying of infectious diseases or problems associated with malnutrition etc towards one where people tend to die of degenerative diseases.
Associated with development and the DTM
Distinguish between redevelopment, regeneration and restoration
Regeneration - refers to the practice of upgrading an area or to breathe new life into an area eg planting trees to improve physical environment or modernising homes
Restoration - restore an area to its former beauty. Preserve the original character of buildings
Redevelopment - entire area demolished and redesigned.
Explain the concept of sustainable development
Range of issues to the concept
Refers to development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs
Social environmental and economic considerations
Social - address poverty, social exclusion and provision of good quality housing and health services
Economic - make better use of existing resources and create a stable and competitive economy
Environmental - cutting greenhouse gas emissions and improving air quality, improving waste management including recycling
Discuss why there are problems in defining pollution
Pollution not easily defined for a number of reasons including
Persistent lack of international/political agreement on what constitutes pollution
Imprecision and/or subjectivity in existing definitions
Lack of knowledge
Wide variety of sources Destinations Impacts (direct/indirect) Frequency (rare/continuous) Scale Pathways of pollutants (increase conc over time versus diffusion over time)
How do the age, gender and social-economic status of migrants usually contrast with the population of the areas they have left
Migrants tend to be young and male
May leave an area that is ageing for a modern and younger area
May leave to find better economic and social opportunities
Urban and rural land uses overlapping characterises - how does overlapping characteristics promote urban sustainability?
What do they bring to the area?
Could be open space, benefits from recreation, green lung idea, environmental benefits,
People get exercise, mental health
