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Geography Exam > Population > Flashcards

Population Flashcards

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1
Q

CS Zinder province South Niger

A

4% growth/year
85% subsistence farmers

Land degradation (rapid deforestation) 
Low income (low harvest) 
Malnutrition - high infant mortality (250/1000 per year) 
45% clean water 
Health care - rely on overseas aid 
Education - work on land
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2
Q

Underpopulation and problems

A

Number of people less than needed for full use of resources

Services close - schools/hospitals/transport
Attract migrants
Defence
Lack workers - less tax - higher salaries
Low national income (economy)

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3
Q

CS unerpopulation in Australia

A

20 million - same size as USA (300 million)
Empty, could support higher

Lack workers 
Conflicts - Sydney to attract migrant workers 
43% labour force retire in 20years 
Services close 
Less innovation 
Defence
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4
Q

Causes of HIV/AIDS

A 
Lack education 
Availability of condoms 
Polygamy 
Lack testing 
Prostitution 
Religious belief 
Lack medical hygiene (blood)
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5
Q

CS Botswana HIV - eg Nata

A

24% adults

LE 34years in 2006
Nata - too weak to work, less food, malnutrition, weaker
- children look after ill parents, less skills, economy
Economy 1/3 smaller by 2021
20% cost increase in treating
Dependency ratio, orphans/ill

Education - under15 sex reduced by 50%
2009 ministry of health 20million free condoms
Blood safety - HIV free doubled by 2005 - clean needles
1 year free infant formula (less pregnant HIV)
De Beers employees ‘2 Aid for AIDS’ programme (2001)

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6
Q

Population density and factors

A

Average number of people/km2

Mountains - communications, fertile 
Climate - grow crops 
Coasts - employment, travel, trade, communications 
Natural disasters 
Relief, soil, vegetation 
Poverty - dense, no space 
Civil war 
Pollution
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7
Q

Causes of sparse population

A 
Mountain - hard to build, lack transport 
Very hot/cold 
Natural disasters/floods 
Services 
Employment
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8
Q

Causes of dense population

A 
Fishing/trading coasts 
Flat land - build 
Water 
Transport 
Employment 
Services 
Poverty/desperate 
Scenic mountains 
Lack space
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9
Q

CS Japan Honshu Island OSAKA BAY

SW coast - 2000/km2

A

Coastline - import iron ore/export
Natural harbour - Kobe port 30% commercial shipping
Flat land - build, employment (Panasonic)
Road/railway networks
Steep Rokko Mts - high rise flats

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10
Q

CS Japan JAPANESE ALPS

Centre - 100/km2

A

Hakuba valley - narrow valley floor, no flat land (build)
Extreme climate - high altitudes, 1°C in winter - thin soils - crops
Isolated, remote - forests, fast flowing rivers, steep valley
Difficult communications - few industries

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11
Q

Internal migration, push/pull factors, rural/urban area

A

Internal migration: movement of citizens within country

Push: reasons to move away
Pull: reasons to attract

Rural: villages/countryside
Urban: cities/towns

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12
Q

Urban + rural impacts of internal migration

A

POS URBAN:
Cheap unskilled labour (industry) - low wages, more profit, more tax

NEG URBAN: 
Slums (LEDC) – unable to cope, lack Arable land, food/space/disease 
Labour surplus, unemployment 
Countryside destroyed - less food 
Pressure on resources

POS RURAL:
Less pressure
Migrants send money back

NEG RURAL: 
Less land/crops - malnutrition 
Less workers - food 
Dependency ratio - less taxes 
Services close
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13
Q

CS Cusipata (E) to Lima (W), Peru
C: east of Andes, mountains
L: west of Andes, capital (coast)

A

Dis:
No transport
No guaranteed job
Separated from family

Push factors from Cusipata: 
5% fertile 
25% no water/electricity 
Lack healthcare + education 
Low LE 
50 soles (income) 
No government funds 
Pull factors to Lima: 
60% safe water + sewage 
Better healthcare + education (university) 
2500 soles (income) 
Better social services
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14
Q

International migration, asylum seeker, refugee, illegal migrant

A

Asylum seeker: left country in fear of persecution

Refugee: forced in fear of lives - no permission in another country

International migrant: live/work for at least 1 year

Illegal migrant: enters to live/work without permission

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15
Q

Reasons for forced migration

A 
Religion prosecution 
War (forced) 
Racial discrimination 
Famine 
Natural disasters (earthquake)
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16
Q

CS Poland to England REASONS

INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION

A

600 000 Polish to UK (2004)

Push from Poland:
19% unemployment
Joined EU (2004)
Poor healthcare in some rural areas

Pull to UK: 
5% unemployment 
High demand for unskilled 
60% higher monthly wage 
Free healthcare (for family) 
English is second language (easy)
17
Q

CS Poland to UK IMPACTS

A

ADV:
Jobs filled - more economy
Boston culture - ethnic shops
More taxes - less dependency ratio

DIS: 
Less unskilled jobs for UK workers 
Send money back 
Anti-immigration 
Boston population 25% increase - services can't cope 
Homeless - hostility
18
Q

Overpopulation and problems

A

Number of people greater than resources available

Strain on services
Housing
Lack clean water + food - no room to grow crops
Traffic
Pollution - asthma, water, air/noise/visual
Deforestation - habitats
Dependent on overseas aid (economy)

19
Q

Population DMT stages

A
  1. High fluctuating BR + DR
  2. High BR + low DR (medicine)
  3. Lower BR + low DR (education)
  4. Low fluctuating BR + DR - constant total population
  5. Low BR, lower than DR - total population decline
20
Q

Natural population change/increase

A

Biggest difference between BR - DR

Eg BR=10, DR=4, NI =6

21
Q

Birth rate

A

Number of live births per 1000 people

22
Q

Death rate

A

Number of deaths per 1000 people

23
Q

Overall population change

A

Difference between DR-BR +/- migration rates

24
Q

Dependancy ratio

A

Ratio between amount of dependents + economically active

25
Q

Population pyramids

A

Wide base = high BR
Narrow base = low BR

Narrow apex = high DR - low life expectancy
Wide apex = low DR - high life expectancy

26
Q

Dependant population support LEDC vs MEDC

A

LEDC:
Extended family look after children
Children look after elderly relatives
Charities/aid organisations

MEDC:
Govt support/taxes - pensions
Nursing homes

27
Q

Factors influencing BR

A 
HIGH BR: 
Religion 
No contraception 
Children work (economy) 
Infant mortality 
Man's status 
Care in old age

LOW BR:
Women educated/careers
Contraception
Less children to spend on

28
Q

Factors affecting Dr

A

HIGH DR:
Food shortage
Natural disasters
Disease (cholera)

LOW DR:
Medical care + doctors
Vaccines
Clean water/better diet

29
Q

CS UK low population growth

A

Annual growth 1%
Fertility rate 1.79

Women well educated - opportunities, delay family (smaller)
- Less people of child bearing age
Contraception accepted 76%women between 16-49years
Cost of raising expensive
High divorce/separation

30
Q

CS Singapore INCREASE 1985 - 2000

Government policy

A

Too low growth to provide young vibrant workforce - support economy

Incentives:

  • tax rebates for 3rd
  • subsidised day care for 3rd
  • priority housing for large families
  • up to 4 years maternity leave (civil servants)
  • ‘Joys of marriage and parenthood’ campaign
31
Q

Why is government worried - low population growth

A

Under use of resources: services close
Ageing population: dependency ratio, more spending - pressure on working
Less workers - less tax - economy slows: depend in foreign workers
Defence

32
Q

Consequences of population growth policies

A

Result in rapid population growth/decline

Use up economy funds

33
Q

CS Singapore DECREASE 1965-1985

Government policy

A 
Fertility rate 6.4 
Threat to living standards/political stability 
Less services/sanitation/jobs 
Civil unrest 
Reduced to 2 by 1980s

Policies:

  • Abortion legalised
  • ‘Stop at two’ campaign

Disincentives:

  • more tax for 3rd
  • no paid maternity leave for 3rd
  • 2+ not enrolled in best schools
34
Q

Why is govt worried - rapid population growth

A

Few resources: clean water/jobs
Natural disaster - more starvation/no shelter/no water
Economy less able to provide for people
Less money for country - less resources

35
Q

CS Niger rapid population growth

A

Fertility rate 7.5

Why: 
Hausa ethnic group - men higher status 
Marry early - more likely large family 
Less contraception - reluctance (men), available - 5% women use 
Polygamy 
Children look after in old age

Infant mortality - 25% die before 5years - ensure work on land
85% subsistence farmers - children work on land

36
Q

Why ageing population

A

Live longer - better medical care (cancer)
Sanitation - less cholera
Balanced diet - less malnutrition, more energy levels
More nursing homes/services (living conditions)
Women have children later

37
Q

Why is govt worried - ageing population q

A

Divert funds from education to healthcare/homes - not enough money
State pension increase 65-68 (men)
Over 65 increase 15-17% in 25years - strain
Less future workers - less tax - less growth
Defence

38
Q

Advantages of ageing population

A

Less spend on schools
Experience in workforce
Older people travel less (congestion/pollution)

39
Q

CS UK ageing population

A

Over 65 increased 15-17% (in 25years)
Under 16 decreased 21-19%

Health: degenerative diseases (dementia) - NHS pressure, divert more tax
Care: shelter, nursing homes - more tax
Pensions: 60 women, 65 men
Less workers more dependents: less income - more tax, immigration

65- 68 men state pension age
Private pensions encouraged
Save £25 000 = pay for own nursing home - spend tax elsewhere
Retired work part time
NHS free health checks 40-70years - better health, less ill/pressure (2009)

Geography Exam (8 decks)

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