population Flashcards
Migration
internal
rural - urban
counter urbanisation
movement of people from one place to another
the movement of people within a country
the movement of people from the countryside to the city
The movement of people from urban to rural areas
immigration
emigration
people moving into a country
people moving out of a country
1 Economic Migrant
2 Refugee
3 Asylum seeker
1 Someone who moves for a better quality of life than before
2 A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster
3 a person who has left their home country as a political refugee and is seeking asylum in another
Push factors of internal rural - urban migration
Natural disasters,
lack of services,
lack of job opportunities
Pull factors of internal rural - urban migration
Better food supply,
better education,
more jobs
Causes of forced migration
Natural disasters
war
racial discrimination
Problems of rural-urban migration
Not enough space
carrying capacity exceeded
increased pollution
not enough jobs
Problems of receiving large numbers of international migrants
Not enough jobs for local
pressure on food supplies
not enough housing
Why are countries sparsely populated and what is it
sparsely populated areas have less people per square kilometre so places are not crowded and there are few inhabitants
Limited access to vegetation
extreme climate
pollution
corrupt government or war
difficult land to build on
harsh conditions
Factors affecting population growth rates
Birth rate
death rate
international migration
population change
Why are countries densely populated and what is it
Densely populated areas mean that there are lots more people per square kilometre, places are crowded and compact
fertile soil
education
healthcare
import/export good trades
job opportunities
stable government
Natural Change
The change (an increase or decrease) in population numbers resulting from the difference between the birth and death rates over one year. E.g. Natural increase or decrease.
Optimum population
The population balances the resources the country has.
dependency ratio
The number of youthful and ageing dependents divided by the number of working age people within a population x100.
Population Pyramid
A diagrammatic way of showing the age and sex structure of a population.
Consequences of overpopulation
Unemployment
Shortage of hospitals/schools
Shortage of housing
Congestion
Inflation (less demand)
Shortage of water & electricity
Noise, air & water pollution
Consequences of underpopulation
Shortage of workers
Less paying taxes
Less innovation/development
Hard to defend
Have to attract migrants
Main causes of change in population size
Population size is related to the amount of resources available eg water, wood and land
Death rate: average number of deaths for every 1000 people
Fertility rate: The average number of children a female is expected to have in their lifetime
Causes of high death rates in LEDCs
Poor health care/few hospitals/doctors/nurses/clinics
Poor sanitation/hygiene/lack of toilets/dirty places
Poor access to safe/clean water/water borne diseases
Limited food supplies/malnutrition/starvation
HIV/AIDS
Natural disasters/drought/flood
Lack of vaccinations/medicines/cannot cure diseases
Lack of education about healthy lifestyles eg smoking/diet
Lack of provision for elders eg pension/old people’s homes
Stages of the Demographic Transition Model
Stage 1: High birth rate; high death rates, short life expectancy, less dependency
Stage 2: High birth rate; fall in death rate; slightly longer life expectancy; more dependency due to more elderly
Stage 3: Declining birth rate; declining death rate; longer life expectancy; more dependency
Stage 4: Low birth rate; low death rate; highest dependency ratio; longest life expectancy
Causes of low birth rates in MEDCs
Availability of contraception/family planning/abortions
Educated in contraception/family planning
Can afford contraception/family planning/abortions
Traditionally small families
Expense of bringing up children
Many women have careers/women are educated
Availability of pensions
Lack of religious beliefs/don’t object to contraception
Low infant mortality rate
Implications of Ageing Populations
Shortage of workers
Less tax payers; government receives less money
Old people get sick easier
Pressure on hospitals and medical care
Pensions can get expensive
More care homes needed
Implications of Young Populations
TOO FEW:
Closure of child related services; fewer jobs
Less consumers and taxpayers in the future
An increase in the age of the population
Birth rates fall below minimum because the population declines
TOO MANY:
Child care needed so parents can work
Taxes for public schools from government
Increased dependency ratio
Creation of teaching and nursing jobs
