development Flashcards
What is development?
development is the progress that a country makes to improve the quality of life for its population and make the country more independent
define term quality of life
Quality of life refers to how individuals assess their overall well-being. It includes factors like happiness, physical health, social interactions, mental well-being, and economic stability.
how do you calculate GDP per capita and what does it stand for?
total of a country’s annual output/ population
it stands for GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT PER CAPITA
what is HDI
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX
measures life expectancy, education and income to assess a country’s development
what is gini coefficient index?
a measure of income inequality within a country, ranging from 0 (perfect equality) to 1 (maximum inequality)
what is the cycle of wealth?
the process where economic development creates wealth - leading to more taxes and spending which can then be reinvested for further growth and development
What are the four indicators used in the Human Development Index?
Life expectancy at birth.
Mean years of schooling for adults aged 25 years.
Expected years of schooling for children.
Gross national income (GNI) per capita.
scored for 0 - 1
grouped as developed, emerging or developing
define PPP
PURCHASING POWER PARITY
compare the cost of the same goods and services in different countries
it shows how much money is needed to buy the same thing in different countries
what is as NIC?
NEWLY INDUSTRIALISED COUNTRY
What are natural resources?
Natural resources are things that the physical environment provides, such as water, forests, fossil fuels, soil, rocks, minerals, and animals.
What is a core region?
A core region is a place that draws in growth, skilled workers, and capital investment, often to the detriment of surrounding areas.
What are the three stages of regional inequality?
Pre-industrial stage.
Period of rapid economic growth.
Regional economic convergence.
Define the periphery.
The periphery is the area surrounding a core region. It often experiences slower growth and a loss of skilled labour and investment to the core.
What does water security mean?
Water security means having a dependable supply of enough clean water to support health, livelihoods, and production.
define economic activity
Economic activity is the production, purchase or selling of goods and services.
4 economic sectors
1 primary
2 secondary
3 tertiary
4 quaternary
what is involved in the primary sector?
EXTRACTING RAW MATERIALS FROM NATURE SUCH AS
MINING
FISHING
FARMING
what is involved in the secondary sector?
INVOLVES THE MANUFACTURING AND PROCESSING OF RAW MATERIALS INTO FINISHED PRODUCTS SUCH AS
FACTORY WORK
CLOTHING PRODUCTION
STEEL PRODUCTION
what is involved in the tertiary sector?
includes service industries such as
nursing
law
teaching
retail
what is involved in the quaternary sector?
focused on high tech, knowledge based activities such as
scientific research and development
Define the post-industrial phase.
the tertiary and quaternary sectors increase while the secondary and primary sectors decrease.
What is urbanisation in the context of employment sectors?
the movement of people from rural to urban areas to find jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
State the meaning of mechanisation.
the process of replacing manual labour with machinery, particularly in agriculture and manufacturing.
What causes the shift from primary to secondary employment?
usually due to increasing mechanisation and the growth of manufacturing industries.
Define the industrial period
where the secondary sector becomes dominant in terms of employment and contribution to GDP.
Define globalisation.
the process where the world becomes more interconnected through economics, culture, politics, trade, and tourism.
What are Transnational Corporations (TNCs)?
Transnational corporations (TNCs) are companies that operate in foreign countries individually and not through a centralised management system.
State the meaning of network flows.
the connections around the globe that are faster, deeper, and longer, linking places and populations through trade, aid, foreign investment, labour, and information.
what is Cultural dilution?
when local cultures are weakened or lost due to the influence of global culture brought on by globalisation.
State the meaning of inward investment.
foreign companies or individuals investing in a country, bringing in capital, jobs, and potentially skills and technology.
