Poorly Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
Illthrift?
A
2
Q
Wasting?
A
3
Q
A tail on the mob?
A
4
Q
A
5
Q
Forage? Concentrates?
A
6
Q
Illthrift, wasting, failure to thrive causes?
A
*Where there are no other major obvious signs
7
Q
Diagnostic approach Illthrift, wasting, failure to thrive
A
8
Q
Illthrift and wasting in individual animals?
In a mob?
A
The mob
*Nutritional problems: not enough energy, not enough protein, too much fibre, mineral deficiencies, water problems
* Parasitism
* Other diseases
9
Q
Nutrition basics
A
* Energy, protein, fibre water
* Macro elements, trace elements
10
Q
Energy
A
* describe energy in terms of:
- Metabolizable energy
- per kg
- of dry matter
* MJ ME/KgDM
* This saves us worrying about water content and undigested energy of feeds
11
Q
Sources of energy
A
* Energy is just another name for digestibility
* Everything digested has the same energy concentration and the rest passes out undigested
* ME = 0.156 x digestibility % - 0.535
12
Q
Rule of thumb fo energy?
A
13
Q
Energy requirements
A
14
Q
Protein
A
15
Q
A diet with 15% protein
A
16
Q
A diet with 7.5% protein
A
17
Q
Fibre
A
18
Q
Carbohydrate digestion
A
19
Q
How do you measure a diet?
A
20
Q
Feedtest
A
21
Q
Macrominerals and microminerals
A
22
Q
Trace elements
A
23
Q
Copper physiology
A
24
Q
Copper defiency causes what? Poisoning causes what?
A
25
Copper Deficiency
\* Grasses have lower Cu than clovers
\* In both concentration declines from winter to late spring
\* Availability increases during the summer
\* Cu deficiency can be seen in the winter and late spring and resolve itself in the summer
26
Cu Deficiency
\* Primary copper deficiency is uncommon
\* Secondary copper deficiency is common
\* Molybdenum (pasture fertilizer)
\* Sulphur (Fertilizer, acts with Mo)
\* Zinc (need 20 x dietary req.)
\* Iron (e.g. water, soil)
\* Others (Cd, Se)
27
Cu needs of cattle
28
Cu and Molybdenum?
29
Diagnosis of Cu Deficiency
30
Treatment/ prevention of Cu Deficiency
31
Cobalt physiology
Often on lush green grass and the animals just aren't growing producing... blame it on the drench often
32
Cobalt deficiency
33
Selenium
34
Risk factors for Se deficiency
35
Selenium Syndromes
\* CPK (Creatine Phosphokinase) sky high
36
Se and Cu Seasonal Distribution
37
Se Diagnosis
\* Beware... many of these diseases are multi-factorial
\* Cows with RFMs and low Se levels may not respond to Se treatment
\*\* Because of vitamin E early blood tests can be false negatives (cattle on lush green feed)
38
Selenium deficiency treatment
\* toxic, do not give too much
( copper and selenium bullets--\> rumen letting off)
39
Other trace element deficiencies other than the big 3
40
Water quality
\* Water quality problems can look like trace element problems
\* Tail on the mob
\* Chronic diarrhoea
\* Illthrift
\* Reduced production
\* Smell, taste, analyse the water
41
Parasites in cattle that might cause illthrift and wasting
Diagnosis:
\* Faecal eggs, faecal larvae, plasma pepsinogen, fluke ELISA, bulk milk ELISA
42
Diagnosis of illthrift in a mob
43
Lab diagnosis of illthrift
44
summary of diagosing illthrift
45
Setting a target weight
46
Body size v. production
47
Benefits of reaching target weights
48
Measuring heifer performance
49
Monitoring weights of heifers
50
51
Assessing the diet
Step 1 Work out growth rate required (current heifer weight and growth rate required)
52
Assessing the diet step 3
53
Assessing the diet step 5
54
CU Co Se where/when they occur? Which tests we would use? Limitations of those tests
55
Straw- just the husks (hay is when you dry grass)
\* not enough grass otherwise
56
About to calve
57
Retained winter coat- Se def is not the main problem
just not being fed enough
58
Copper deficiency
59
Likely cobalt deficiency because no diarrhoea-- illthrift in the midst of plenty
60
Brassica- less than a third of the diet
61
62
Clinical exam weight loss and poor performance
63
Check brisket, jugular veins, prescapular LNs in weight loss and poor performance
64
65
66
Cutaneous lymphoma
67
EBL v. SBL
68
Warts, ringworm, and SBL/EBL are the most common skin differentials
69
70
Symmetry of the head
71
Facial paralysis
72
73
Otitis media
\* Eustacian tube or hematogenous spread
\* Tilted head
\* Mild circling
\* Purulent discharge
\* Antibiotics
74
75
Licking or chewing
76
Check eyes and eyelids
77
Eye lesions
78
Pink eye (IBK)
79
Pink eye Treatment
\* Benzathine cloxacillin, both eyes treated even if both aren't clinically affected
\* Nil meat and milk withholding times and long inter-treatment intervals
\* Early tx will minimize risk of permanent scarring of the eye. Susceptibility testing of AUS M. bovis isolates suggests that resistance is uncommon in AUS field isolates.
\* Bulbar subconjunctival injection of antibiotics with or without corticosteroids (e.g. dexamethasone) can be used
\* Severe cases with imminent danger of rupture of an ulcer, often benefit from covering the eyes with an eye patch
80
Pink Eye Prevention
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
Bovine iritis
88
89
90
91
Other nasal signs
\* Intestinal phytobezoars often have green rumen contents discharge
\* Respiratory disease is often associated with a mucopurulent discharge
\* More likely a granuloma or FB if unilateral
\* Epistaxis is often due to vena caval syndrome
92
Stridor- aka?
continued:
\* Treatment is by prolonged (\> 2 weeks) antibiotic therapy. Corticosteroids relieve the symptoms.
Diphtheritic membrane- a thin coating on the surface of an epithelial lined organ (e.g. intestine) that is composed of necrotic cellular debris, inflammatory cells and fibrin
93
Corticosteroids
94
Check mouth
\* oral lesions common
\* Excessive saliva (ropse hanging down) and usually with chewing movements-- FB in the mouth or inflammatory conditions of the oral mucosa or the tongue or diseases of the CNS (e.g. botulism)
\* Size and shape of the oral papillae is best assessed at the commissures of the mouth-- vesicles, erosions, ulcers, and papules
\* Incisor teeth can be examined by everting the lower lip and opening the mouth.
\* Ruminant incisors are normally quite loose and can be moved considerably. Excessive movement of an individual tooth may be detected at the base of the affected tooth.
95
Mouth
96
Palate
continued:
\* The soft palate, have a less marked effect on ingestion so may present post-weaning or simply as poor growth rates. The condition is not treatable.
97
Occasionally
the malocclusion can be sufficiently severe to interfere with grazing although
interference with eating concentrate feeds is more probable. There is no
treatment. Affected animals should not be used for breeding herd
replacements and, ideally, no further progeny should be bred from the animal’s
sire or dam.
Defects of the molars are rare in cattle. Very occasionally, deciduous
premolars may be retained as ‘molar caps’, causing interference with
mastication and rumination. Impaction of food in deep tooth sockets may have
similar results. Irregular molar wear can sometimes cause problems with
mastication. Less rarely, abscesses of the molar roots can develop,
presumably as a result of trauma. These usually result in chronic osteomyelitis
of the jaw, which, if it occurs in the lower jaw, needs to be differentiated from
infection with
Actinomyces bovis
(actinomycosis or ‘lumpy jaw’). Treatment of
tooth root abscesses with antibiotics is relatively unrewarding and more
aggressive treatment methods are seldom, if ever, economically justifiable.
98
Teeth for ageing cattle
99
\* Associated with chronically increased intakes of fluoride, usually from industrial pollution or (in Australia) deep wells that contain excess fluoride, resulting in wear of teeth and osteoporosis. Clinical signs relate to difficulty in prehension, lameness and/or general unthriftiness.
Diagnosis by demonstrating elevated fluoride concentrations in blood, urine, feed, or drinking water. Chronic fluorosis-- chalky, brittle bones at post mortem examination and/or discolouration of tooth enamel and excessive wear of teeth.
100
Palpate/ visualize tongue and mucosa
101
Any swelling or hardness of the normally soft mandibular tissue is significant. There may be subcutaneous oedema as part of a general oedema, or cellulitis with heat and pain. Enlarged LNs may indicate metastatic spread of eye cancer.
102
Jaw and tongue
103
Swellings around the jaw
104
\* aerobic, gram negative coccabacillus
## Footnote
The classic presentation is as woody tongue, in which granulomata of the
tongue causes pain and difficulty in swallowing that results in inappetence,
salivation and submandibular swelling. Infection probably occurs through
traumatic injuries to the buccal cavity
\* Treated with antibiotics or with sodium iodide IV often only a single dose-- repeat dosing may cause toxicity (Streptomycin not allowed in food producing animals in AUS)
\* Anecdotal evidence of Sodium Iodide IV causing abortion in late pregnant cattle and some practitioners recommend it be given subcutaneously as a 60 ml dose.
105
What does Sodium Iodide tx?
106
There is usually unilateral swelling around the mandible, which is initially
greater in the soft tissue than the jaw.
Thereafter there is progressive destruction of bone tissue, exostosis formation,
deformity of the jaw and malalignment of the molars. Pain and difficulty in
prehension lead to inappetence and weight loss.
Diagnosis can be confirmed by the honey-like pus that discharges from the
lesion and in which
A. bovis
and sulphur granules can be seen.
Treatment is with intravenous sodium or oral potassium iodide and broad-
spectrum antibiotics. Prognosis depends upon the extent of bony damage and
deformity of the jaw
107
\*Ingestion of foreign material land drenching gun injuries
\* local abscess formation, which may or may not interfere with eating; mechanical interference with eating; pain, resulting in unwillingness to eat, masticate and/or ruminate; stertorous respiration
\* Following clinical signs include: dysphagia, excess salivation, swellings, abscesses or discharging sinuses, signs of discomfort, pain, and resenting examination of the mouth
\* Septic cellulitis may develop leading to a grossly enlarged retropharyngeal region affected animals are pyrexic and anorexic and usually have malodorous breath
108
Salivary glands
\* Rare, sporadic infections of salivary glands occur, resulting in localized swelling or abscess formation
\* Tx of antibiotics surgical drainage of the abscess. Antibiotic treatment needs to be provided over a relatively long period (7 days)
109
Phlegmon
110
Impaired venous return
111
Decreased oncotic pressure
112
Oral necrobacillosis
113
Mucosal lesions
In FMD, mucosal lesions can be used to “age” the disease:
◦
Day 1 Blanching of epithelium followed by formation of fluid fi
lled
vesicle
◦
Day 2 Freshly ruptured vesicles characterised by raw epithelium
, a
clear edge to the lesion and no deposition of fibrin
◦
Day 3 Lesions start to lose their sharp demarcation and bright
red
colour. Deposition of fibrin starts tooccur.
◦
Day 4 Considerable fibrin deposition has occurred and regrowth
of
epithelium is evident at the periphery of the lesion.
◦
Day 7 Extensive scar tissue formation and healing has occurred.
Some fibrin deposition is usually still present
114
Station 4- the head and neck
115
Symmetry of the head
116
Exotic cattle diseases
* Haemorrhagic Septicaemia
* Theileriosis (East Coast Fever)
* Rift Valley Fever
* Lumpy Skin Disease
* Bluetongue
* Heartwater (Cowdriosis)
117
118
erosive exotic diseases and endemic differentials
119
Miscellaneous exotic diseases
120
Screw worm fly
121
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
122
Bovine TB
123
Bovine Brucellosis
124
EBL v. SBL
125
Other exotic diseases
126
Haemorrhagic septicaemia
127
Theileriosis v. Benign Theileriosis
128
Rift Valley Fever
129
Lumpy skin disease
130
Bluetongue
131
Heartwater
