Clinical Neuro/ Collapse Flashcards
Sudden death
DDX individual animal sudden death
Haemorrhage
Peracute toxaemia
Trauma
Iatrogenic causes of sudden death
Sudden death in groups of animals
Electrocution
* Mains electricity
- Especially around sheds, pole and water
- Kills people too
Anaphylaxis
Nutritional poisonings
Cyanide – sudden death in a herd
Blue Green Algae herd sudden death
OPs and Monensin poisoning?
Urea– sudden death
Nutritional deficiencies that cause sudden death
Infectious agents that result in sudden death
Blackleg
Black disease
Anthrax
Summary sudden death
Down cow? Downer cow? Downer cow syndrome?
Sternal recumbency
Lateral recumbency
Aetiology musculoskeletal? Toxaemia? Metabolic? Misc?
Assessment of the Down Cow
Exam of the down cow
Prop up cows that are in lateral recumbency!
Clues from the posture
Hyper-alert and aggressive
Presentation– musculoskeletal? Acute systemic/toxic? metabolic?
Prolonged recumbency?
Differentiate Down cows into?
Musculoskeletal down cows?
Lifting cows for examination
Musculoskeletal assessment– back examination?
Lumbosacral ligament examination?
Limb examination?
* Limb assessment (in lateral or hanging)
- manipulate each limb
– ability to extend and flex to full extent
– abduct in normal range
– crepitus or laxity in hip/stifle
– Crepitus or laxity in hip/stifle
– cruciate rupture (pain on stifle flexion)
– palpate full leg for heat/swelling
Gastrocnemius rupture
Femoral n. ? Sciatic n.? Obturator n.?
Assessing nerve and motor function
Diagnosis of limb fractures and dislocations? Spinal fractures?
Picture.. but also downer cow syndrome?
Prognosis of Radial n. paralysis
Calving paralysis prognosis
Femoral n. injuries
Prognosis of: Obturator n. injury? Lumbosacral injury? Non-responsive milk fever? Radial n. injury?
Poor prognostic signs
Treatment of downer cows
Important points sudden death
Brown MM
Causes of recumbency–> MTMM
Musculoskeletal issues
Toxaemia
Metabolic
Miscellaneous (e.g. parturition, exhaustion)
Grass tetany (hypomagnesium)
Preg Toxaemia
The problem occurs because a certain amount of
glucose is needed by the liver to enable it to
utilise the
incoming
fat. If the fat is coming in
faster than the liver can make glucose, such as
when the animal has very little quality feed, the
fat starts to build up in the liver. The liver
becomes enlarged, pale and
fatty, and ketones
build up to excessive levels in the blood, and
start to affect the brain. Brain function is affected
and the animal stops eating. This process is not
easy to reverse.
Treatment:
IV fluids, C-section, or induction of calving
Sometimes injections of glucose,
calcium
borogluconate and magnesium salts under the
skin are used, but these are far more likely to be
effective if given intravenously by a veterinarian.
Oral treatments of propylene glycol and
electrolytes are also useful to treat mild cases.
Down cow? Downer cow? Downer cow syndrome? Springer? Close up?
Downer cows
Most conditions occur close to calving
Most conditions are influenced by pre-calving nutrition
** Nutrition around calving– transition period is 4 weeks before to 4 weeks after calving…. this period is a major focus for farmers, vets, and advisors
Pre-calving nutrition
Aims of transition
Transition diets
Hypocalcaemia
Parturient hypocalcaemia- metabolic disease with paresis & hypocalcaemia
- Weakness, recumbency, depression of consciousness, can be fatal
* Common disease of dairy cattle (can occur in beef cows)
- Called severe problem if > 3% of the herd, or cows <5 yo affected
* Sudden increase in Ca requirement with onset of lactation
- Colostrum 2.3 g Ca/kg; Milk 12 g Ca/kg
- Onset of lactation increases Ca requirement by 2-4 fold
* Subclinical hypocalcaemia is very common
Calcium- regulation
DCAD
Risk factors for milk fever
Clinical signs of milk fever
Stage 1 and Stage 2 Milk Fever
Stage 3 Milk Fever
DDX Milk Fever
What is wrong with the three stages of Milk Fever?
S/c treatment for hypocalcaemia?
Treatment i/v for hypocalcaemia?
Prevention of hypocalcaemia
Non-parturient hypocalcaemia
Feeding the close-up cows- summary?
Grass Tetany
Risk factors Grass Tetany
Clinical signs of Grass Tetany
Diagnosis of Grass Tetany
Grass Tetany Treatment
Control of Grass Tetany
Disorders of Energy Metabolism
Gluconeogenesis- converts non carbohydrates (pyruvate) to glucose
Glycolysis- converts glucose to pyruvate; gluconeogenesis upside down
Citric Acid (Krebs) cycle- Generates energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbs, fats, and proteins into CO2 and water; generates some amino acids and things
Energy metabolism in the ruminant
Hepatic lipidosis– herd diagnosis
4 Syndromes of Energy Metabolism
Preg Toxaemia
Treatment of preg toxaemia
Protein- Energy Malnutrition
Treatment of Protein- Energy Malnutrition
Fatty Liver/ Fat Cow Syndrome
Excessively fat dairy cows just after calving
Something stops them eating
Metabolic crisis and fatty liver
Ketosis
Downer cows
Other causes of recumbency
Any severe toxaemia
dehydration
anemia
Neurological disease
Terminal disease
Bovine ephemeral fever
Listeriosis and downer cows
Nitrate/ Nitrite Poisoning
Sources of nitrites
Diagnosis nitrite
Treatment of nitrite
Distance exam
Neuro/ musculoskeletal exam on the 5 station exam
DDX cardinal sign is recumbency
Prognosis and treatment of a recumbent cow
Abbreviated clinical exam
Neurological diseases of cattle- history, observation, clinical exam
Neuro eye tests
Neuro face and mouth tests and head
- ear, cheek, lip, and nostril– position and movement
- response to sound
- head tilt and balance
- head nodding
Exam procedures neuro cow
Manifestations of neuro dysfunction
Changes in mental state
Examples of involuntary movements
Paralysis
Incoordination
Abnormalities of sensation
Lead poisoning
Acute lead poisoning v. subacute lead poisoning
Diagnosis of lead poisoning
Treatment of lead poisoning
Polioencephalomalacia
Diagnosis of polioencephalomalacia
Treatment of polioencephalomalacia
Nervous coccidiosis
Treatment of nervous coccidiosis
Meningoencephalitis
Hypovitaminosis A
Tetanus
Treatment of Tetanus
Listeriosis
Treatment of Listeriosis
Brain abscess
Rabies
BSE
Botulism
Paspalum staggers
Perennial Ryegrass staggers
Periodic spasticity
Elso Heel
Cranial and Spinal Trauma
Peripheral nerve trauma
Meningitis in calves
Citrullinaemia
Inherited congenital myoclonus- in calves
Maple Syrup Urine Disease
Cerebellar Defects
Vertebral Body Abscess
Alpha Mannosidosis
