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Cattle Semester 2 > GIT > Flashcards

GIT Flashcards

1
Q

Cow producing 30L of milk requires how much dry matter?

A

Half the number of liters plus five

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2
Q
A
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3
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4
Q
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5
Q

Tail end of the 5 station exam

A
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6
Q

Left side 5 station clinical exam

A
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7
Q

Auscultation of the rumen and left flank

A

Normal:

  • palpate doughy rumen, often with a small gas cap
  • Primary contractions approximately every minute
  • Secondary cycle approximately every 2 minutes

Abnormal:

  • Palpate large gas cap which distends fossa
  • Hypermotility (e.g. vagus indigestion)
  • Hypomotility (e.g. hypocalcaemia, rumen atony)
  • ping (rumen distension)
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8
Q
A
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9
Q

Percuss and auscultate body wall

A

* Requirements for pings

  • gas distended viscus
  • gas/fluid interface
  • gas under pressure
  • gas distended viscus might be against body wall
  • both percussor and stethoscope must be over gas distended viscus
  • viscus is singular of viscera
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10
Q

Left sided pings DDX

A
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11
Q
A

Abomasal ping

  • high pitched/ resonant
  • classic location
  • beware milk fever!

Rumen ping

  • a bit duller
  • less resonant
  • dorsal location
  • can often palpate the gas cap
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12
Q

Auscultation and ballottement

A
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13
Q

Diagnosing a ping

A

Abomasal ping

  • high pitched/ resonant
  • classic location
  • beware milk fever!

Rumen ping

  • a bit duller
  • less resonant
  • dorsal location
  • can often palpate the gas cap
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14
Q
A
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15
Q

Right sided auscultation/ percussion

A
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16
Q

Fluid splashing sounds audible on deep ballottement (succussion)?

A
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17
Q

5 station exam right side

A
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18
Q

5 station exam head/neck

A
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19
Q

5 station exam tail end revisted steps

A
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20
Q
A
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21
Q

Abnormal rectal findings include:

A
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22
Q
A

Abomasal torsion

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23
Q

Parameters of faeces to assess alimentary tract

A
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24
Q

5 station exam ancillary tests

A
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25
Q
A

pH- the normal is between 6.2 and 7.2

Low values of pH are found after the feeding of carbohydrates

A value of below 5 is considered very suggestive of carbohydrate engorgement

Examination of rumen protozoa

(Could also use a stomach tube)

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26
Q
A

Measuring pH of the rumen

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27
Q
A

Paracentesis sites

  1. To the left of the midline, 3 to 4 cm medial to and 5 to 7 cm cranial to the foramen for the left subcutaneous vein
  2. 5 cm caudal to the xiphisternum and 5 cm to left or right of mid-line
  3. The right ventral abdominal wall in the area of the skin under the flank fold above the udder
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28
Q

What could air in the intestines indicate?

A

Blockage or hypocalcaemia

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29
Q
A
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30
Q

Tests for abdominal pain

A

* Grunt test

In the “grunt test” a sharp pressure is applied over and behind the xiphoid whilst listening for an audible grunt from the

cow. The pressure may be applied with a clenched fist, the knee or a pole lifted on both sides. The grunt is sometimes

clearly audible but is often only discerned by auscultation over the trachea. The test is rather subjective and not

particularly reliable. It should be appreciated that a grunt can be elicited from pain in either the anterior abdomen or

chest and the test is not specific for traumatic reticulo-peritonitis, although that is the most common condition associated

with a positive finding

* Withers pinch test

Firm pressure is applied to the whither area by grasping and pinching the whithers. A normal cow will lower the withers to

avoid this contact. A cow with peritonitis may be reluctant to lower her withers and thuis push against the painful

peritoneal surface. This technique requires more subjective interpretation because many nervous cows Are reluctant to

respoind at all to a withers pinch.

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31
Q

Abdominal pain in the bovine

A

* May be seen in conditions of gastro-intestinal tract such as:

  • volvulus, intussusception, phytobezoars, salmonellosis
  • Abomasal torsion, spasmodic colic

* But also:

  • Diseases of the liver, associated with distension of the organ capsule
  • inflammation of the serous surfaces of the peritoneum
  • with pyelonephritis, urethral obstruction and distension of the bladder
  • early cases of photosensitisation
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32
Q

Exploratory laparotomy

A

* Anaesthesia- inverted L or paravertebral (disadvantage: a lot of anaesthetic)

  • clip area and prepare for surgery

* 20 cm incision right paralumbar fossa

3 steps:

  • incise skin and subcutaneous/ external abdominal oblique with vertical incision
  • split internal abdominal oblique in direction of fibres
  • blunt dissect through transverse abdominous, peritoneum
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33
Q
A
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34
Q
A
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35
Q

Exploratory laparotomy- closure

A
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36
Q

Diseases of the abomasum and intestines

A
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37
Q

Left Displaced Abomasum (LDA)

A

Aetiology not fully understood, multifactorial syndrome, heavy grain feeding

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38
Q

Aetiology of LDA

A
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39
Q

Nutritional factors implicated in LDA

A
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40
Q

LDA correction

A
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41
Q

LDA correction- right flank omentopexy

A

* ID pylorus- pull on omental attachment until the pylorus comes into view- palpate and visualise

* Routine closure

* Broad spectrums abs (Oxytet)

* NSAIDs (long acting- tolfedine or metacam)

* Ketol

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42
Q

LDA correction- rolling

A
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43
Q

LDA correction- toggle technique

A
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44
Q

Prevention of LDA

A
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45
Q

Key Points of LDA

A
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46
Q
A
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47
Q

RDA/RTA typical history and clinical signs

A
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48
Q

Aetiology of RDA

A
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49
Q
A
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50
Q
A
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51
Q

Abomasal dilatation and torsion

A
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52
Q

Abomasal dilatation and torsion- correction

A

* First assess prognosis- melena and HR > 100 are bad signs when corrected, omentopexy to prevent recurrence

* Standard closure

* IV fluids if very shocked

* Antibiotics

* NSAIDs

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53
Q

RDA Key points

A
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54
Q

Dietary abomasal impaction

A
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55
Q

Dietary abomasal impaction treatment

A
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56
Q

Typical history of physical obstruction of the pylorus

A
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57
Q

Typical signs of intestinal phytobezoars

A
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58
Q

Physical obstruction of the pylorus treatment

A
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59
Q

Intestinal phytobezoars

A

* Signs are less severe than seen in cattle suffering from an obstruction due to a volvulus or intussusception

* Findings

  • sudden severe depression in milk yield
  • dehydration
  • commonly a very small amount of greenish rumen discharge observed at nares of affected animals
  • ballottement/auscultation right abdomen- may detect fluid splashing sounds
  • rectal exam: early stages the amount of faeces is reduced and somewhat pasty… later, grey, yellow faeces- extremely pasty, very foul smell- pathognomonic

** As condition progresses- dehydration increases, HR increases

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60
Q
A
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61
Q

Intestinal phytobezoars- treatment?

A

* right paralumbar approach

careful search of intestines - palpation

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62
Q

Key points- intestinal phytobezoar

A
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63
Q

Intussusception

A
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64
Q

Intussusception surgery

A
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65
Q

Key points intussusception

A
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66
Q

Intestinal torsion

A
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67
Q

Dilatation, volvulus and torsion of the caecum

A
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68
Q

Dilation and torsion of the caecum- signs

A
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69
Q

Dilatation and torsion of the caecum- treatment

A
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70
Q

Caecal dilatation, volvulus and torsion

A
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71
Q

Carb overload, two conditions

A
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72
Q

History of acute rumen acidosis

A
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73
Q

Pathogenesis of acute rumen acidosis

A
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74
Q

Rumen acidosis

A
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75
Q
A
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76
Q

Acute rumen acidosis secondary effects

A
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77
Q
A
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78
Q
A
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79
Q

Diagnosis of acute rumen acidosis

A
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80
Q

Four stages of acidosis Treatment

A
  1. Cow has above + some systemic effects
    - as above plus antibiotics
    - avoid secondary effects
  2. Cow is down
    - as above plus NSAIDs, fluids
    - ? how much fluids and what type
    - consider rumenotomy
    - careful of water
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81
Q
A
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82
Q

Rumen buffers

A
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83
Q

Ancillary treatments of ruminal acidosis

A
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84
Q

What is sub acute rumen acidosis?

A

* herd problem due to diet

* reduced rumenation (cud chewing)

* mild diarrhoea

* foamy faeces containing gas bubbles

* undigested grain in faeces

* Reduced milk fat (<3%)

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85
Q
A
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86
Q

Indirect indicators of ruminal acidosis

A

* laminitis

* faeces

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87
Q

Faeces indicators of fibre intake

A
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88
Q

Laminitis and grain

A
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89
Q

SARA treatment

A
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90
Q

Prevention of rumen acidosis

A
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91
Q

Buffers in feed

A

More than 4 kg a day need buffers in the feed

bicarb 2-3% to the grain

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92
Q

Virginiamycin

A

Concern with ab resistant bacteria however works really well with rumen acidosis

Takes a fortnight to work and need veterinary prescription

Produce medicated feed orders (like prescription) send into feedmill and the feedmill adds the Virginiamycin

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93
Q
A
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94
Q

Carb engorgement conditions

A
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95
Q

Other rumen upsets aside from carb engorgement

A
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96
Q

Treatment of abdominal conditions

A
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97
Q
A
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98
Q
A
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99
Q
A
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100
Q

Acidosis or alkalosis

A
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101
Q

Fluid therapy in adult cattle

A

* only bother to treat severe dehydration in most cows, if they are down need to correct if for them otherwise they will correct it orally themselves

* Most cows are alkalotic

* At a farm visit, can really only give 5-6 liters of IV fluid at once

* A practical method of treatment is 2-3 L of hypertonic saline (4 ml/kg BW) IV (over about 4 minutes) plus 20 L of water administered by stomach tube

* Can add some bicarbonate in grain overload cows

* Be careful of hypertonic fluids in very dehydrated cows (as distinct from endotoxic shock)

* MUST follow up with oral fluids (Water is ok)

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102
Q
A
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103
Q

Define abdominal distension? Bloat?

A
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104
Q

Abdominal distension- principles?

A
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105
Q

What does a ping mean?

A
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106
Q

Left abdominal distension

A
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107
Q

Bilateral abdominal distension

A
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108
Q

Trilateral abdominal distension

A
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109
Q

Abdominal distension left– mechanisms?

A
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110
Q

Abdominal distension- diseases

A
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111
Q

Bloat

A
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112
Q
A
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115
Q

Frothy bloat

116
Q

Drenching cows with bloat

117
Q

Other option aside from drenching for cows with bloat?

118
Q

Drenching, tubing, or?? cow with bloat?

A

* the hole sometimes blocks up

* you only need to let enough gas out so that the cow can breathe again

* drench her with bloat oil then

119
Q

Emergency rumenotomy

120
Q

When does bloat occur?

121
Q

Prevention of bloat

122
Q

Diet to prevent bloat

123
Q

Oils to prevent bloat

124
Q

Detergents to prevent bloat

125
Q

Monensin

A

* often added to the grain ration fed to dairy cattle

  • increases proprionic acid production
  • prevents coccidosis in young stock

* Very toxic for horses

* Typically occurs in feed at 11-18 mg/kg (dairy) or 25-33 mg/kg (beef)

* Horses 20 times more sensitive than cattle (200x more than chooks)

* Heart and skeletal muscle death from mitochondrial dysfunction

126
Q

Abdominal distension- diseases

127
Q

Free gas bloat acute or chronic

A

* ANY recumbency

* Oesophageal obstruction

* Hypocalcaemia

* Stop them dying of bloat

* Treat the underlying condition

128
Q

Oesophageal obstruction

129
Q

Buscopan

130
Q

Chronic secondary bloat

131
Q

Simple indigestion

132
Q

Simple indigestion aetiology? Clinical findings? Diagnosis? Treatment?

133
Q

Vagus indigestion

134
Q

Vagus nerve

136
Q

Diagnosis of vagus indigestion

137
Q

Treatment of vagal indigestion

138
Q

Abs for peritonitis

139
Q

Anti-inflammatories of vagal indigestion

140
Q

Post mortem bloat

141
Q

Abdominal distension- right

142
Q
A

Needle head placed in to check if fluid comes out

144
Q

Abomasal volvulus

145
Q

Hydrops amnion and allantois

146
Q

DDX to hydrops amnion and allantois

147
Q

Abdominal distension- left

148
Q

Abdominal distension-right?

149
Q

Abomasal ulceration

150
Q

Incidence of abomasal ulcers

151
Q

history of abomasal ulcers? typical clinical signs?

152
Q

Ulceration of the abomasum when severe?

153
Q

Key points abomasal ulceration

154
Q

Peritonitis

155
Q

Traumatic reticuloperitonitis

156
Q

Presentation traumatic reticuloperitonitis

157
Q

Ruminant digestive system

A

Ruminants grasp mouthfuls of food and swallow before it is chewed, wrap their tongues around a mouthful of grass, clamp down their teeth and pull to break the grass at its weakest point and swallow

* Ruminants will chew their cud (regurg) their food material and then grind it with their molars at a time when the animal is resting

* this is done until the food particles are small enough to pass through the reticulum into the rumen

* Since ruminants do not chew their food when it is taken in, at times foreign material like rocks, nails, small pieces of wire can be swallowed

* While the animal is chewing its cud foreign particles that are heavy sink in the reticulum, preventing many foreign particles from entering the rest of the digestive system

* Once foreign material enters the reticulum, it can stay there for the life of the animal

* If the reticulum squeezes a piece of wire it may penetrate through into the chest/ heart

158
Q

Sequelae to traumatic reticuloperitonitis

159
Q

Treatment of traumatic reticuloperitonitis

160
Q

Prevention of traumatic reticuloperitonitis

161
Q

Secondary rumen atony

162
Q

Key points of abdominal distension and bloat

163
Q

Pathophysiology of Diarrhoea

164
Q

Effects of diarrhoea

165
Q

Lists of diseases with diarrhoea

166
Q

Aetiology of diarrhoea

167
Q

BVDV

168
Q

Acute disease in naive animals

169
Q

In utero infection BVDV

A

* 100-150 days

  • viral damage to developing organs: especially CNS
  • may be PI or have high Ab levels

* > 150 days

  • usually no clinical effect
  • virus free
  • seroconverted to pestivirus
170
Q

Congenital defects BVDV

171
Q
172
Q

Mucosal disease in PI animals (BVDV)

A

* Acute or chronic forms

* usually in younger animals

* 100% fatal but low numbers affected

173
Q

Less typical presentations of BVDV

174
Q

Epi of BVDV

175
Q

Laboratory diagnosis BVDV

176
Q

Control of BVDV

177
Q

Salmonellosis

178
Q

Epi of S. dublin

179
Q

Epi of S. Typhimurium

180
Q

Local Epi of BVDV

181
Q

Clinical presentation of BVDV

A

* Acute enteritis

  • anorexia, reduced milk production, pyrexia, depression
  • profuse, putrid diarrhoea +/- dysentery
  • Abdominal pain
  • dehydration, recumbency, death

* Abortion may occur subsequently

182
Q

Zoonotic BVDV

183
Q

Diagnosis of BVDV

184
Q

Treatment of BVDV

A

* Supportive therapy: fluids– oral supplemented with electrolytes, IV for acidosis (NaCl/ H2CO3)

185
Q

Short term control of BVDV

186
Q

Yersiniosis

187
Q

Pathogenesis of Yersiniosis

188
Q

Clinical signs of Yersiniosis

189
Q

Diagnosis of Yersiniosis

191
Q

Prevalence of JD

192
Q

Importance of JD

193
Q

Epi of JD

A

* preclinical

195
Q

Clinical signs of JD

197
Q

JD Lab tests

198
Q

More tests JD

199
Q

Combination of tests for JD

200
Q

Treatment of JD

201
Q

Control of JD

A

* If you have got JD in your herd…

  • prevent spread

– detect infected adults and remove them

– manage calves to reduce exposure (JDCAP)

  • reduce exposure to adult faeces; vaccinate

* Minimize the risk of further introduction

  • don’t introduce animals into the herd
  • source introduced animals from low risk herds (JDMAP)
202
Q

National JD control program

203
Q

BJD Zoning

204
Q

JD MAP

205
Q

JD CAP

206
Q

JD CAP

207
Q

Fibre requirements in the diet?

A

Adequate intake of neutral detergent fibre (NDF)– 25% NDF in total dietary DM. 75% of which is supplied by coarse forage to maintain rumen function and health.

* Many pasture diets, especially those supplemented with concentrates, will be near the lower limit of effective fibre required in the diet.

* Estimates of diet NDF should be matched with observations from the field cud-chewing, faecal formation, milk fat and protein content and rumen pH to ensure optimal and safe diet

208
Q

How are the volatile fatty acids absorbed to buffer the acid in the rumen?

A

Absorbed through the rumen wall (papillae)

Cow produces huge amounts of bicarbonate in her saliva– enough roughage and food with sufficient particle length that the cow is going to need to regurgitate and chew it

209
Q
A

Could cause if an abscess burst and causes local peritonitis–> LDA, RDA, vagal indigestion

* Predisposing factor carb overload in the first part of lactation

210
Q
A

Undigested grain

211
Q
A

Caval syndrome

212
Q
A

Saw horse stance due to laminitis

214
Q

Parasite mechanisms of survival

215
Q

Effects of parasites

216
Q

Most common nematodes in Australia

217
Q

Ostertagia

A

* Most pathogenic nematode

aka Teladorsagia

Small up to 9 mm

Outbreaks– Type I and Type II

Abomasum

218
Q

Trichostrongylus axei

219
Q

Haemonchus

220
Q

Cooperia

221
Q

General life cycle of the nematode

222
Q

Length of life cycle

223
Q

Timing of dung pat and larval migration

224
Q

Dung pats and nematodes

225
Q

Larval migration

226
Q

Timing of Population % of eggs deposited

227
Q

Timing of availability of larvae on pasture

228
Q

When do calves have eggs in their faeces? When are they first drenched?

229
Q

Type I Ostertagiasis?

When is high risk time of weaned calves?

231
Q

Immunity and hypobiosis in yearlings and older beef cattle?

232
Q

Type II Ostertagiasis

233
Q

Seasonal occurrence of adult worms and inhibited larvae of O. ostertagi in different temperate zone regions of AUS

234
Q

Drenching who beef?

235
Q

Dairy calves and parasites?

A

* Grazing dairy cattle likely to be infected with nematodes

* 80% trials showed a positive response to anthelmintics

* Median increase 0.67 litres/day

* There is no way of determining whether an animal or herd has a sufficient parasite burden to interfere with production

237
Q

Diagnosis of nematodiasis

238
Q

Faecal egg counts

241
Q

Plasma pepsinogen

242
Q

Bulk Milk ELISA

243
Q

Toxocariasis

244
Q

Intestinal cestodes

A

Cysticercosis

◦

Taenia saginata (Cysticercus bovis)

Echinococcus granulosis

◦

The

most

common

cause

of

downgrades

in

QLD

abbattoirs

◦

Notifiable

◦

NZ

is

hydatid free

(?

Tasmania

too)

Coenurosis cerebralis (Taenia multiceps)

245
Q

Who does Fasciola hepatica affect?

246
Q

Liver fluke effects

247
Q

Fasciola hepatica life cycle

A

IH hosts

Lymnea tomentosa (native)

L columella

Both live in (L. columellla) and around (L. tomentosa) bodies of water

248
Q

Pathogenesis of Fasciola hepatica

249
Q

Acute Fluke Disease

250
Q

Chronic Fasciola hepatica

251
Q

Fluke diagnosis

A

* Antibody ELISA

  • Sensitivity of 87.5% reported

* Detects non-patent infections (from 14 d)

* Blood, milk, or bulk milk

* Useful as a screening test for a group of animals

** Post mortem as well– flukes or scarring

252
Q

Treatment/ Prognosis of Fasciola hepatica

253
Q

Treatement and control of Fasciola hepatica

254
Q

Lungworm

255
Q

Lungworm life cycle

256
Q
A

Lungworm infection in a group of weaned calves: note the open-mouth breathing in one animal and loss of condition through the entire group

257
Q
A

Field post-mortem examination of a calf with lungworm infection; the airways are characteristically full of a bloody froth and many adult worms are present

258
Q

Lungworm diagnosis

259
Q

Treatment of parasites

260
Q

Types of anthelmintics

261
Q

White drenches

262
Q

Clear drenches

263
Q

Macrocyclic lactones

264
Q

Choosing a drench– factors

265
Q

Which product?

266
Q

Control of parasitic gastroenteritis

267
Q

Withholding periods

268
Q

When to drench dairy calves

A

* depends who you ask

* Standard recommendation- drench at calving

* drying off?

* Calving?

* Probably not a critical decision

269
Q

When to worm beef cattle

270
Q

Drench resistance

272
Q

Managing AR on dairy farms

274
Q

How to apply refugia on dairy farms

275
Q

Free living stages on pasture

277
Q

Pour ons

278
Q

combo anthelmintics

279
Q

Quarantine testing

280
Q

Mgt of resistance

281
Q

What is the best drench for calves?

A

Injectable Dectomax

Times where it makes a difference is if you have a problem

Cattle Semester 2 (8 decks)

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