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POM > POM Lecture 1 > Flashcards

POM Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the causes of cell stress and injury?

A 
Physical Injury
Chemical Injury
Biological causes
Immunologic Injury
Genetic Derangements 
Nutritional Imbalance
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2
Q

Cell Suicide

A

Apoptosis

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3
Q

Cell Murder

A

Oncosis/Necrosis

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4
Q

Why is there depletion of ATP during cell injury?

A

Depletion of Oxygen
Damage to Enzymes
Damage to mitochondria

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5
Q

What are the responses due to an injurious stimulous

A

Depletion of ATP
Membrane Damage
Increase of Intracellular Calcium
Reactive Oxygen species

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6
Q

Low energy for sodium pumps means?

A

Influx intracellularly of sodium and water, cells and organelles swell

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7
Q

Low energy for Calcium pumps means?

A

influx of calcium into the cytosol, inappropriate activation of calcium dependent channels. damage to cellular components.

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8
Q

How can cell membrane damage occur?

A

Directly via free radicals,
or hypoxia (stress due to a lack of oxygen),
or due to a membrane targeting bacteria toxin
or following failure of plasma membrane Calcium pump

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9
Q

Influx of calcium activates what destructive calcium dependent enzymes?

A

ATPases
Phospholipases
Proteases
Endonucleases

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10
Q

Oxidative stress

A

the accumulation of free radicals

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11
Q

Reactive Oxygen species

A

free radicals generated during cell injury,

Eg) O2 H2 NO

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12
Q

Heat Shock Factors

A

Transcription factors that induce the transcription of Heat Shock Proteins.

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13
Q

Heat shock Proteins

A

Proteins that are molecular chaperones, assist repair of damaged proteins.

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14
Q

Stress Kinases

A

Are released following stress or injury, initiate signalling cascades that co-ordinate the cells response to damage

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15
Q

What is bad about ATP depletion and how does this occur?

A

There is less energy for ATP membrane pumps (ionic/osmotic homeostasis ruined). Less energy for protein synthesis and DNA/protein repair.
this occurs during cell injury due to a lack of O2, enzyme or mitochondrial damage

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16
Q

What is bad about Cell membrane damage

A

Causes loss of cell contents, osmotic balance and proteins (enzymes, coenzymes, RNA)

17
Q

What happens when lysosomal membranes leak?

A

leak enzymes into cytoplasm, and start digesting cell ; ‘autolysis’

18
Q

What happens when mitochondrial membrane damage occurs?

A

formation of nonselective high conductance channels in IMM, ‘mitochondrial permeability transition’, takes away transmembrane potential for oxidative phosphorylation.

19
Q

How do you get higher cytosolic Ca concentration?

A

when reduced activity of the plasma membrane calcium pump allows influx of Ca into cytosol.

20
Q

What are reactive oxygen species

A

Free radicals generated during cell injury. The accumulation of these is called oxidative stress, and these cause secondary damage.

21
Q

How do free radicals cause damage?

A

By attacking the double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids in membranes, oxidising aminoacids

22
Q

How do we defend against free radicals?

A

With antioxidants and some enzymes. When there are too many FR too be handled = oxidative stress

23
Q

Hyperplasia?

A

increase in cell numbers due to an increase functional demand or stimulation. Can be from the division of the cells in question or locally residing stem cells

24
Q

Hypertrophy?

A

increase in cell size due to an increase functional demand or stimulation.

25
Q

Atrophy?

A

Decrease in cell size. Cells responding to reduced functional demand/nutrient supply

26
Q

Metaplasia?

A

reversibly changing from one adult cell type to another. Response to continuous mild damage. Results from the reprogramming of stem cells, to differentiate down a new path

27
Q

Features of Necrosis

A
  • no energy requirement
  • often with autolysis ‘protein soup’
  • cytosolic contents also leak across damaged plasma membrane into extracellular space (induces inflammatory response)
  • uncontrolled messy process
  • featureless cytoplasm due to denaturation and protein digestion
  • fragmentation and fading of chromatin in nuclei
  • Pyknosis
  • usually quickly removed by phagocytosis
28
Q

Pyknosis

A

Chromatin shrinks into a dense mass at the margin of the nucleus, prior to karolysis

29
Q

Features of Apoptosis

A

requires energy

  • common after DNA damage, hypoxia, accumulation of damaged proteins
  • also eliminates unwanted cells
  • chromatin cleaves and condenses, membrane bound blebs break off cell and are phagocytosed
30
Q

what cascade of enzymes mediates apoptosis

31
Q

How does apoptosis NOT initiate inflammation?

A

As pyknosis occurs, membrane bound ‘blebs’ containing contents break off and are phagocytosed by neighbouring cells, so cytosolic contents don’t leak out

POM (28 decks)

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