POM

Question 1

Inflammation - what is it?

• what is it caused by?
• what are local effects?

Answer 1

Bodys immediate response to tissue injury

• leukocytes leaving blood vessels and going into tissues
• blood vessles become more permeable
• Neutrophils move in first , and become activated and attack cause of inflammation

Causes - infection, trauma, physical and chemical agents, tissues necrosis, foreign bodies, immune reactions (e.g sunburn, infection, myocardial infarction)

Local effects - redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function

Harmful - inapproprate inflammatory reactions - e.g rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, hypersensitivy reactions to things e.g food, drugs ect. hayfever , hyper immune reacitons

Chronic inflammation - when other leukocytes enter the tissue - after about 24 hr

Question 2

Granuloma

Answer 2

Due to chronic inflammation

-core of necrosis, macrophages and lymphocytes surrounding it to keep damaged cells in place

Question 3

otitis media

gastroenteritis

Answer 3

• ear infection

- stomach and intestines are inflamed and irritated

Question 4

Cholera

Answer 4

Infected water supply (bacteria)

• divides in bowel, releases a toxin
• causes pump CL- out of cell and get secretory dihorrhea

Question 5

B and T cells

Answer 5

B cells - produce antibody - can go on to opsonise, neutralise, antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity, complement activation
T cells - class 1 - CD8 - virally infected cells, can present this on cell surface - then produce cytokines to make immune response
Class 2 - CD4 - phagocytosed material, broken down and presented on cell surface
-Cytokines - regulate immune and inflammatory responses - cause fever, tocuh and pain sensitiivty, sleep problems

Question 6

Appendicitis

Answer 6

appendix becomes obstructed, bacteria divide there, umbilical pain diffuse originally, then spreads to parietal peritoneum, then chronic inflammation = and appendix mass can rupture

• then get pain in the right flank area.
• then get peritonitis (inflammation of peritoneum) and can lead to sepsis and death

-give antibiotics, surgery

Question 7

Streptococcus pyogens

-what can it cause

Answer 7

• colonises pharynx of about 40% children
• common causes - pharingitis and skin infections (toxins can damage)
• can develop rheumatic fever if bad - antibodies against the bacteria will bind to human tissue (heart, joints, ect) - can get symptoms of glomerulonephritis or RF

Rheumatic fever - fever, painful joints, inflammation of connective tissue around heart, rash

Penicillin?

Question 8

Staphylococcus aureus

Answer 8

Colonises - in nose (can tollerate salt coniditons) –> can go onto cause skin infections, also can get food poisoning from the toxins

Where from - human to human transmition, colonisation in nose when young

Symptoms - colonised in nose - asymptomatic
Food poisoning, skin infection , or bone, joint infections

Treat - drain puss, stabalisze, penicilin

Question 9

Tuberculosis

• Symptoms
• What causes it?
• How to treat?
• How linked to HIV?

Answer 9

cause - myocobacteriu tuberculosis

-Mostly dont get symptoms - can be latent , however can be deathly if not latent

Symptoms - chronic cough, fever, weight loss

-do chest xray, and microscopic examination

Transmission - airdrops get into lungs (resists lysis by macrophages –> can go onto form a granuloma -if this bursts can cause problems)

Anti-tuberculosis drugs required - rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamid (need 3)

If you have HIV you are immunocompromised, so can get TB infection more likely

Question 10

Influenza

• what is it?
• symptoms

Treatment

Answer 10

Many strains, constantly developing

Symptoms - cough, flu symptoms, very rapid onset

Transmission - droplets –> mucous membranes

Vaccine - each year different

Treatment - amantadine, oseltamivir

Question 11

Rheumatic fever
What causes it?
-

Answer 11

Causes - group a streptococcous bacteria

Symptoms - sore throat, painful joints, rash

• If leave untreated can lead to rheumatic fever (inflammatory disease- get antibodies against own body tissues)
• can lead to scaring of the heart (due to inflammation) - get heart valve replacement

Higher rates in maori and pacific children (crowded housing, healthcare access, socioeconomic status ect)

Treatment - Penicillin

Question 12

Achondroplasia

Answer 12

Symptoms - Dwafism
Why - mutation to a gene involved in normal bone development
Autosomal dominant - effected parent will always pass onto children

Question 13

Phenylketonuria

Answer 13

Mutation in gene coding for protein involved in conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine - so phenylalanine accumulates in the blood

Without treatment - can get vomiting, convulsions, develop mental retardation

In NZ - have a screening program , heel prick
-give a low phenylalanine diet

Autosomal dominant

Question 14

Hemochromatosis

Answer 14

Results in iron overload due to an increase absorption of iron
-Autosomal dominant

• can get organ damage due to iron overload
• low iron diet, therapeutic venesection

Question 15

Downsyndrome - Trisomy 21

Answer 15

-Most commonly associated with increased maternal age

Symptoms - mentally retarted, facial features characteristic

Question 16

HIV

Answer 16

Human Immunodeficiency virus

Spread - blood, bodily fluids

How does it work
-infects immune cells - B and T cells and get a decline in these which reduces the immune response, and also other body cells

-Results in immunodeficiency syndrome, get infections alot easier

Treatment - antiretrovirals - is not a cure but can control virus (reduces amount)

Question 17

Haemophilia

Answer 17

Impairs bodies ability to make blood clots
-increased bleeding after injury, bruise easily
Treatment - infusions of coagulation factors
-pain relief

Question 18

Huntingtons disease

Answer 18

Neurodegenerative disorder
Progressive motor disability, cognitive decline
-Autosomal dominant

Question 19

Cystic fibrosis

Answer 19

Inherited disorder - autosomal recessive

• secretions become thick - cough,
• Difficulty breathing and coughing, lung infections - cannot clear
• cant get pancreatic secretions - weight loss, not getting nutrients

Question 20

Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Atrophy 
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
Neoplastic

Answer 20

Hypertrophy - increase in size
Hyperplasia - increase in number of cells
Atrophy - get smaller to save nutrients
Metaplasia - change into a different type of cell (epithelial, an be natural e.g cervix or not - eg barets eosophagus)
dysplasia - strucutre becomes disorganised, these cells are clonal (is premalignant) , and neoplastic (abnormal tissue growth)