Neuro Flashcards
Fluent vs non-fluent aphasia
fluent - damage to wenikes speech area (this is involved with recognition of speech)
Non-fluent - damage to brocs speech area, controls muscles in larynx and is important for pronouncing words
Left vs right side of brain and damage here
Left - speech, hearing ect.
Right - non verbal language, emotional expression, spacial skills, concepts and understanding - damage - spacial disorientation, cannnot recognise familiar objects
Anterior, middle and posterior cerebral arteries and what happens when they are damaged (e.g stroke)
Anterior - lateral 2/3rds of the cerebral cortex - stops at trunk - motor and sensory
Middle - lower than trunk - motor and sesnory
Posterior - Inferior temporal lobe, memory and intellegence
Myotactic reflex
Withdrawal reflex
Myotactic - gets flexors and extensors to work together - smooth movement
-gets touch and pressure info, and then doesnt need to go to brain before informing other muslcles to contract
Withdrawal reflex - occurs at individual spinal and segmental and get you to move muscles away
Cotricospinal tract - motor info
- where does it cross over
- what happens when problem with brain or spinal cord
- crosses over in spinal cord at level where it exits
- damage to brain - results in different side of body effected
- damage to spinal cord - results in same side damage
Discrimitive sensation pathway (touch and pressure)
-what happens when problem with brain or spinal cord
- crosses over in medulla
- damage to brain - damage to different side
- damage to spinal cord below medulla - damage to same side
Pain and temp
-what happens when problem with brain or spinal cord
Crosses over in the spinal cord
- damage to spinal cord - damage to different side
- damage to brain - damage to different side
Upper motor nueron vs lower motor neuron damage
-wasting, fasculation, tone, power, reflex, extensor plantar response
Upper motor - spastic
-no wasting or fasculation, increase tone and reflexes, reduced power , extensor plantar response
Lower motor - flacid
- increased wasting and fasculation
- normal or decreased tone and decreased reflexes
- flexor plantar responce
Hemiplegia, monoplegia, paraplegia
hemi - arm and leg on same side of body
mono - one limb affected
para - both limbs effected
Multiple sclerosis
autoimmune disorder of central nervous system
Parkingsons disease
Why, symptoms and treatment
Mood - flat
Tremor at rest
Slowness of movement (bradykinesia)
If left side of basal ganglia affected then right side tremor
Dopamine nerve cell damage in brain, decreased dopamine levels - cannot initiate movement as well so get a tremor
Treatment - L-DOPA - to replace dopamine
-thalotomy or pallidotomy
Huntingtons disease
Hereditary, dominant disease, increased CAG repeats causing a bad protein reslts in death of some cells
Symptoms - hyperkineseia, involuntary movments
No treatments
NO
Isoflurane
Sevoflurane
Desfulrane
NO - rapid onset, low potency, adverse effects
Isoflurane - used in cardiovasclar surgeires - CV stability
Sevoflurane - used in children, easy to breathe
Desflurane - Rapid onset and offset - good for long cases
Thiopentone
Propofol
Etomidate
Ketamine
-these are IV anesthetics (produce loss of consciousness, but not pain relief)
Thiopentone - rapid onset, slow clearance, use when want patients to all asleep very fast e.g cesarian
Propofol - rapid onset, fast clearance, no hangover effect, use this often , no CV stability however
Etomidate - CV stability
Ketamine- CV stimulant, increase CO, slower onset , good in a shock patient, is also an analgesic
Symptoms of cerebellar disease
Incoordinatied movement (ataxia)
-speech, swallow difficulties, clumsines
, falls common
-vertigo
