Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Progress Test > Digestive > Flashcards

Digestive Flashcards

1
Q

Layout of abdomen

A

Look at picture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where is pain felt for an appendicitis?

A

diffuse pain umbilical region –> lower right quadrant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a hiatus hernia?

A

When stomach pushes up through diaphragm

-can contribute to acid reflux

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Symptoms of GORD and what can it lead to?

What are risk factors?

A

Symptoms - Heartburn, regurgitation, may be worse after eating or lying down

Lead to - Can lead to barrets oesophagus - which is where squamous epithelium turns to gastric epithelium in oesophagus (increased risk in men over 50, big bmi and smoking)
- increased risk of adenocarcinoma (smoking, alcohol, diet)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is pernicious anaemia

A

Caused by low b12 in the body (can result from antibodies against parietal cells - make IF, inadequate intake, ileal absorption function reduced)

  • b12 needs IF to be absorbed, also needs acid to break it away from food in stomach
  • low haemoglobin
  • large mean cell volume
  • shortness of breath, tired

Cure - give b12 intramuscular, supplements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Peptic ulcers - cause and drug names to cure

A

Symptoms -pain, bleeding, perforation

  • Can be caused by helicobacter pylori - destruction of gastric lining, resulting in ulcers
  • can increase risk of stomach cancer
  • Treat - triple therapy antibiotics - omeprazole , clarithromycin, amoxycillin
  • Also caused by aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inlfammatory drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do Omeprazole, clarithromycin and amoxycillin in combination treat?

A

helicobacter pylori- stomach ulcers

  • amoxycillin, omeprazole - proton pump inhibitors and decrease stomach acidity so not as much damage to stomach
  • clarithromycin - antibiotic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cirrhosis

A
  • inflammation of liver (hepatitis) due to damage
  • fibrous material, parenchymal nodules
  • progress to fibrosis
  • Can lead to portal hypertension cauasing - ascites, splenomegaly, portosystemic shunts
  • liver enlarges then shrinks
  • fibrosis is reversible, cirosis is nto
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Ascites

A

abnormal fluid accumulation in abdomen - can result from portal hypertension (portal vien blockage to liver)
-increase hydrostatic pressure in portal vien - fluid moves out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

splenomegaly

A

enlargement of spleen

can result from portal hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hep A

A
  • virus
  • benign, self limiting disease
  • does not cause chronic hepatitis
  • person to person
  • asymptomatic or mild febrile ilness
  • jaundice sometimes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hep B

A

can get both acute and chronic hepatitis - may lead to cirrhosis
-blood borne

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hep C

A
  • major cause of liver disease
  • blood transfusions
  • often develop cirrosis
  • no injection
  • injecting drug use most common cause
  • antiviral agents cure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Alcoholic liver disease

A
  • hepatic steatosis
  • alcoholic hepatitis
  • cirrhosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

A
  • obesity, metabolic syndrome
  • heptaic steatosis
  • inflamation - cirrosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Haemochromatosis

A

excessive accumulation of iron

-genetic defect - excessive iron absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

AST, ALT

A 
(inside liver)
hepatic inflammation, hepatocellular injury
viral hepatitis
liver toxins/drugs 
cirrosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

ALP, GGT

A 
Bile blockage (portal tract) - cholestasis (bile cannot flow from liver to gall bladder/duodenum)
Gall stones , tumour
19
Q

Jaundice

A

yellow coloured skin due to too much bilirubin in blood

20
Q

albumin and clotting factors

A

liver is only source
decreases when there is decreased synthesis due to cirrhosis
-increased loss
-illness

both represent that liver not function properly to make these

21
Q

globulins

A

reflect inflammation , high levels - chronic hepatitis , cirrhosis

22
Q

gilberts syndrome

A

-bilirubin unconjugated, but other liver function tests normal

23
Q

bilirubin

A

causes jaundice

biliary obstruction or heptocellular injury

24
Q

Causes of portal hypertension

A

pre hepatic - portal vien thrombosis
Hepatic - cirrosis
post hepatic - hepatic vien thrombosis, right sided heart failure

25
Q

hepatic encephalopathy

A

due to chronic liver failure - portal hypertension

  • mood and personality change, drowsiness, coma
  • chronic liver failure - unable to detoxify substances produced by bacterial metabolism - shunts stop blood going back to liver and by pass this and go to heart and so blood is not detoxified
  • build up of amonia in blood - can pass blood brain barrier
  • treat with lactulose - manages this
26
Q

Main causes of pancreatitis?

Acute pancreatitis
where is pain felt? symptoms? how to solve

A

alcohol and gall stones
- autodigestion by pancreatic enzymes, cell injury response mediated by inflammatory cytokines
-from blockage so enzyme stay and damage, or from viruses, drugs ect that damage acinar cells
-felt in epigastric region
-nausea, vomiting, fever, tachychardia
-high white cell count, elevated serum lipase
Management - rest, dont eat, IV fluids

27
Q

Chronic pancreatitis

A

repeated attacks of abdominal pain - often brought about by alcohol
-if ongoing - loss of exocringe function - malabsorption

28
Q

cholelithiasis - gallstones

Risks -

A
  • cholesterol stones
  • calcium or bilirubin salts = pigment stones

Risks - increases with age, women, eostrogenic influences , family history

29
Q

Cholecystitis -

A

obstruction of gallbladder (cystic duct) mainly gall stones

  • RUQ abdominal pain and tenderness
  • raised ALP, GGT, bilirubin if in main bile duct
30
Q

Choledocholithiasis

A

stones in biliary tree

get jaundice

31
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

autosomal recessive
CFTR channel - CL- channel secretions become very thick from pancreas, also effect lungs - sticky mucus clogs passages
-also important for bicarb secretion
-can lead to pancreatic insufficiency as the pancreatic secretions become hyperviscous (too thick)

32
Q

What is a polyp

A

growth or tumour which projects above the surrounding mucosa
non-neoplastic - benign , neoplastic = adenomas (can turn to carcinoma) - varying degrees of proliferation

33
Q

Clinical features of colon cancer

A

Abdominal pain, mucous discharge, PR bleeding, change in bowel habit, bowel obstruction

  • iron deficiencey anaemia
  • weight loss
34
Q

Familiar polyposis syndromes

A
  • group of inherited polyposis syndromes - autosomal dominant
  • may predispose to malignant transformation
35
Q

How to determine IBS?

A

normally eliminate alarm signals - rectal bleeding, weight loss, anaemia, vomiting ect.

36
Q

Chrons disease

A

chronic inflammatory disease,

-can get inflammation, stricturing, fistulising, perianal fissure

37
Q

Ulcerative colitis

A

mucosal inflammation (inflammatory bowel disease)

38
Q

Coeliac disease

A

Antibodies made in the body in response to a protein in gluten which cause an inflammatory response and damage villi

  • can cause malabsorption if damage bad - iron deficiencey common , weight loss if severe
  • genetic
  • can test for the tissue transglutaminase antibody
39
Q

H2 receptor antagonists

A
  • stop gastric acid being produced by parietal cells
  • antagonists compete with histamine
  • rapid aciton
  • used for peptic ulcer disease and acid reflux
    e. g cimetidine . ramotodome
40
Q

Omeprazole

A

proton pump inhibitor

  • irreversible
  • problems - can get bacterial outgrowth, malabsorption (b12), non sterilisation of food
  • used for GORD or ulcer disease due to NSAIDs
41
Q

gilberts syndrome

A

inherited condition
get yellowy tinge to skin (billirubin) - cannot process bilirubin in the liver
does not normally require treatment

42
Q

Budd chiari syndrome

A

acute thormbosis of hepatic viens
outflow of blood from liver is obstructed
liver becomes acutely congested, hepatocellular damage
jaunice

43
Q

cholesterol stones

pigment stones

A

cholesterol -

pigemnt - bilirubin and calcium salts

Progress Test (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions