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polysaccharides Flashcards

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1
Q

what are polysaccharides

A

polymers containing many monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds. Like disaccharides , polysaccharides are formed by condensation reactions.

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2
Q

what are polysaccharides mainly used for

A

as an energy store and as structural components of cells.

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3
Q

what are the major polysaccharides in plants

A

starch and cellulose

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4
Q

what is the major polysaccharide in animals

A

glycogen

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5
Q

draw amylose , amylopectin and glycogen

A

ppt.

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6
Q

polysaccharides: what do plants store excess glucose as

A

starch

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7
Q

polysaccharides: why doesn’t starch affect osmosis

A

its insoluble in water

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8
Q

what is starch a mixture of

A

amylopectin(80%) and amylose (20%)

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9
Q

what is amylose(plants)

A

a long unbranched chain of alpha glucose joined by glycosidic bonds through condensation reactions, compact coiled structure and good for storage.

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10
Q

what is amylopectin(plants)

A

a long branched chain of alpha glucose. Glucose can be release quickly as its easier for enzymes to get to the branches.

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11
Q

how is the polysaccharide amylose formed

A

many alpha glucoses (monosaccharides) form glycosidic bonds in a condensation reaction to form amylose

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12
Q

how is the polysaccharide amylose broken down

A

by a hydrolysis reaction , water is added providing a hydroxyl group (-OH) and a hydrogen (-H) which helps the glycosidic bond break.

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13
Q

what is amylose used for

A

its a storage carbohydrate

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14
Q

how does amylose have hydrogen bonds

A

as it forms it coils , making it more compact , due to the bond angles this is stabilised with hydrogen bonds.

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15
Q

why does amylose have few break off points

A

it is not branched.

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16
Q

what is amylose used for

A

as a storage carbohydrate

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17
Q

what is the structure and bonding of amylose

A

1-4 glycosidic bonding , polymer of alpha glucose, coils into a spiral shape , hydrogen bonding holds the spiral in place

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18
Q

what are the properties of amylose

A

few break off points , compact , large , insoluble(hydroxyl groups om carbon 2 are situated on the inside of the coil hence why insoluble) , no effect on water potential , difficult to transport and fewer attachment points for hydrolysis and condensation reactions.

19
Q

storage in plants: what’s amylopectin used for

A

its a storage carbohydrate.

20
Q

how is amylopectin formed

A

its forms as a branched structure thanks to 1-6 glycosidic bonds

21
Q

what are the uses of amylopectin

A

its a storage carbohydrate

22
Q

structure and bonding of amylopectin

A

1-6 and 1-4 glycosidic bonds , polymer

23
Q

properties of amylopectin

A

multiple break off points thanks to 1-6 glycosidic bonds, large , difficult to transport , more attachment points for condensation and hydrolysis reactions.

24
Q

what is amylopectin’s spiral(with branches emerging from the spiral) held together by

A

hydrogen bonds

25
Q

what is glycogen

A

glucose stored in animals

26
Q

how is glucose stored in animals

A

as small granules in the muscles and liver .

27
Q

compare glycogen(animals) to starch(plants)

A

glycogen is less dense and more soluble than starch.

28
Q

what does glycogen being less dense and more soluble than starch indicate

A

it indicated the higher metabolic requirements of animals compared with plants.

29
Q

how do animals store excess glucose

A

as glycogen in the liver and muscles

30
Q

what’s beneficial about the multiple side branches in glycogen

A

allows fast release of energy

31
Q

what is glycogen used for

A

its a storage carbohydrate

32
Q

what is the structure and bonding of glycogen

A

alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds and alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds (1-4 smaller than amylopectin so less tendency to coil), hydrogen bonds, branches , compact, polymer

33
Q

properties of glycogen

A

multiple break off points , no effect on water potential, more attachment points for hydrolysis and condensation reactions, large , insoluble. Easier to move monomer units due to more ends.

34
Q

what is cellulose

A

a polysaccharide and is the main part of cell walls , the most abundant organic polymer.made up of long chains of beta glucose joined by beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds

35
Q

what does cellulose prevent

A

cells from bursting when they take in excess water.

36
Q

what do the beta glucose chains form in cellulose

A

rope like microfibrils , which are layered to form a network.

37
Q

what do amylopectin , amylose and glycogen have in common

A

polymers of alpha glucose

38
Q

what does each alternate glucose molecule do

A

flips 180 degrees to allow the bonding of hydroxyl, this means CH2OH alcohol group of every other molecule is above the carbon rung and others are below .

39
Q

describe the structure of cellulose

A

many straight chains run parallel to eavhother each forming microfibbrils and are strengthened with cross linkages ( hydrogen bonds ) between them .

40
Q

how does the structure of cellulose benefit it

A

it gives cellulose stability and a valuable structural material , this stability makes it difficult to digest.

41
Q

uses of cellulose

A

structural molecule

42
Q

structure and bonding of cellulose

A

polymer , 1-4 glycosidic beta glucose , hydrogen bonds

43
Q

properties of cellulose

A

fewer attachment points for hydrolysis and condensation reactions , no effect on water potential, difficult to transport.

biology - biological molecules (5 decks)

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