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Nutrition and Cognition > Polyphenols and Cognitive Function > Flashcards

Polyphenols and Cognitive Function Flashcards

1
Q

What are some potential effects of flavonoids on health?

A
  • Reduced cancer risk
  • Lower stroke risk
  • Reduced bp
  • Improved lipid profile
  • improved endothelial function
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2
Q

What is an epidemiology study?

A

groups in a population – e.g. is there evidence they have a cog benefit – to show an association between high intake in polyphenol and physiological/cognitive outcome

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3
Q

How did blueberry supplementation affect mice?

A
  • Mice given blueberries at a young age did not show ageing deficits as controls
  • If give older mice blueberries – cog improve and didn’t show deficit like control
  • Increase LTP & object recognition (Maher et al 2006)
  • Increase hippocampal neurogenesis (more neurons) & spatial memory (Morris Water Maze, Casadesus et al 2004)
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4
Q

What did the Krikorian (2010b) study find about grape juice?

A
  • Significantly better verbal recall at 12 weeks in grape juice group
  • But grape juice group were younger than control (75 years vs 80 years – ns)
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5
Q

What did Krikorian (2010) find about blueberries?

A
  • Better Verbal PAL – sig different on verbal task
  • No sig effect on CVLT
  • used the placebo from grape study in this blueberry study
  • both drinks noticeably different
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6
Q

What did the Krikorian fMRI study find?

A
  • Grape juice associated with increased activation in
  • right anterior (A) and posterior (B) cortical regions at follow-up
  • small sample size
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7
Q

What did the Leeds study find about grape juice flavaniods?

A
  • initial benefit of grape juice and still benefitting when they took the placebo
  • Washout wasn’t long enough – hadn’t actually gone back to baseline
  • Tower of Hanoi – completion time was greater for grape juice, and not sig different in arm 2 because they still have effect of grape juice
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8
Q

What do effects of crossover designs suggest about polyphenol treatment?

A

particular carryover effects of active treatments

average = 4 weeks

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9
Q

What does the evidence suggest about the effects of polyphenols on cog function?

A
  • Spatial memory enhanced by PP
  • Verbal memory & executive function enduring effects of PP
  • Effects on verbal & spatial memory & executive function – commensurate with effects in animal studies
  • Effects more apparent in parallel group designs though crossover studies control for individual differences which could influence outcomes of parallel studies
  • Also, on indices of psychological state e.g. stress/ anxiety/ mood
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10
Q

What did Kennedy’s study (2010) on Resveratrol find?

A
  • No effects on cognition
  • No effects on verbal memory test
  • but young sample (is the test hard enough?)
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11
Q

What did Brickman (2015) find when using fMRI and cocoa flavanols?

A
  • CBV increased more with high flavanol chocolate
  • On pattern separation task, more dentegyrus engagement with high flavanol chocolate
  • Attributed it to more CBV in the detegyrus
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12
Q

In the Lamport study, how is cerebral blood flow affected by cocoa flavonoids

A
  • The HF – LF contrast analysis revealed significantly increased regional perfusion 2 hrs post consumption of the HF drink relative to the LF drink
  • anterior cingulate gyrus
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13
Q

Give some possible mechanisms of action of polyphenols?

A
  • protection of neuronal signalling pathways
  • modulation of synaptic plasticity
  • cerebrovascular effect (improved vasodilation, bf, bp)
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14
Q

What is the effect of soy on cycle length and physical symptoms?

A
  • it increases length of the menstrual cycle (by about 2-3 days)
  • Physical symptoms reduce e.g. breast tenderness
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15
Q

What were the effects of Soy/IF on cognitive performance in postmenopausal women?

A
  • No change in memory performance in placebo
  • But in women who took soy there was an improvement in week 8
  • Hot flushes – constant on placebo, in 5 days, symptoms improved days in women taking soy
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16
Q

Why may taking soy supplements be better or worse than hormone therapy?

A 
Better = less potent 
Worse = takes longer to take effect
17
Q

What are the possible mechanisms for soy and isoflavones?

A
  1. Direct impact on CNS
    (Able to pass through blood-brain barrier and act centrally, mimicking mechanism of oestrogen)
  2. Changes in oestrogenic activity (Bind to ER and have a mixed agonist/antagonist action)
  3. Antioxidant effects
18
Q

When may taking soy isoflavones be beneficial for women?

A

When newly menopausal (when estrogen receptor is still active)

19
Q

When implementing studies of polyphenols for example what are some considerations?

A
  • Assess habitual dietary intake in as much detail as possible at recruitment, baseline and follow-up
  • Ensure washout period is of suitable duration
  • Assess Bioavailability of Polyphenols and their metabolites (urine/blood) – ensures people have complied with the protocol – are others able to process it better than others?
20
Q

Perimenopausal and postmenopausal women commonly report what and what may be responsible for this?

A
  • decline in cognitive functioning, especially regarding memory
  • reduction of endogenous oestrogen levels is partly responsible for this susceptibility to neurodegeneration
21
Q

What gender differences have been observed in rats fed and SPE diet?

A
  • males fed the SPE diet had a negative cognitive response
  • In the female rats however, the opposite effect was found so that the SPE fed rats had improved working VSM compared to the SPE-free fed rats
22
Q

What has been associated with tofu consumption?

A
  • Poorer cognitive test performance
  • But, as there is only one longitudinal study into a male and female population, it remains uncertain as to how a long-term high soya diet could impact upon cognitive functioning.
23
Q

What did File (2001) find when comparing high vs low soya consumption?

A
  • It was found that neither attention nor semantic memory was affected by the diet.
  • However, long-term episodic memory (delayed verbal recall of pictures) and short-term non-verbal episodic memory (delayed matching to test sample from CANTAB was significantly enhanced in the high soya group compared to the low soya group
24
Q

What were some limitations of the file (2001) soya study?

A
  • lack of consideration given to controlling for possible time of day effects on cognitive testing
  • precedents of the test session were not stringently controlled (consumption of caffeine between sessions could have confounded results)
  • phase of menstrual cycle was not taken into account
25
Q

In a SR, what type of memory was found to be most sensitive to polyphneol and isoflavones?

A 
polyphenols = immediate verbal memory
Isoflavone = delayed spatial memory

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