Polymers Aminoe Acids Etc Flashcards
Why are addition polymers non biodegradable
They have strong carbon carbon bonds which are non polar therefore can’t be attacked by nuclephiles or hydrolysed
What is meant by complimentary in dna sequencing
Must have base sequence that all match so A always with T and C always with G
Water molecules polyester
(2n-1)
2 monomers polyester
Dicarboxylic acid and diol
2 monomers polyamide
Diamine
Dicarboxylic acid
2 monomers terylene
Benzene 1,4 Dioic acid
Ethane 1,2 diol
2 monomers Kevlar
Benzene 1,4 dioic acid
Benzene 1,4 diamine
Property and use of Kevlar
Incredibly tough
Bulletproof jackets
2 monomers nylon 66
Hexanedioic acid
Hexane 1,6 diamine
What are polyesters used to make
Fibres and plastics for fizzy drinks
Water molecules polyamide
N-1
Why is pet used for fizzy drink bottles
Light
Strong
Resistant to corrosion
Acid hydrolysis and base
Products for polyesters
Carboxylic acid and diol
Salt of carboxylic acid and diol
(Neutralise to make carboxylic acid )
Acid and base hydrolysis polyamides products
Carboxylic acid and diammonoyk ion (reversible )
Salt of carboxylic acid and diamine
Why is base hydrolysis preferred
Not reversible so 100% yield
2 advantages of recycling
Reduces amount of plastic in landfill sites
Conserves crude oil - source of most monomers
Disadvantage recixng
Plastics have to be collected sorted and processes which is expensive
3 ways disposing polymers
Landfill
Recycling
Burning / incineration
Why are addition polymers under active and why can that be good and bad
Saturated compound with no polar bond
Can’t be attacked by acids, base or oxidise agents
Non biodegradable
General structure amino acids
And structure of glycine
Photos
Amino acids in their pure state
White crystalline solids with high mp for their mr
Generally soluble in water produces solution that conduct electricity
Most are insoluble in polar solvent
Why do amino acids have high mp
Ionic bonding in their solid form as they exist as zwitterions in their pure state
What is a zwitterion
A diplomat - has both negative and positive charge on different parts of tb molecule
Isoelecfric point
Ph at which overall charge on amino acid is 0
Condition for hydrolyse protein
Boiling with 6mol do-3 is HCl for 24 hours
Secondary structure of proteins
3d sections due to hydrogen Bond interactions within the same chain
Alpha helix and beta pleated sheets
Possible interactions between groups in amino acids
Hydrogen bond
Ionic bond
Dipole dipole
S-S bonds
What part of enzyme is involved in catalysis
Active site
Rest of amino acid just maintains precise shape of enzyme and active site
Why is it important to maintain the physical and chemical requirements of enzymes
Changes in physical and chemical can break secondary and tertiary structures which charge active site and affects catalytic activity
Use of enzymes inhibition
Used in antibiotics to block the active site of an enzyme in bacterial which makes the cell walls
Weaknes wall over time and bacteria burst
How enzymes inhibitors developed
Computer used to model shape of active I and predict how well potential drugs will bind to it
Shapes in dna
Phosphate circle
Base - hexagon
Sugar - pentagon
How does cisplayin work
Prevents dna replication by preventing dna double helix molecule from unwinding
3 risks of using cisplatin
3 reasons why it’s still used
Prevents normal cells replication aswell - hair loss
Patients experience side effect like nausea and kidney damage
Patients can become resistant
Benefits outweigh side effects
Small amounts used to reduce side effects
