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Chemistry > Polymers, Amino Acids, Porteins And DNA > Flashcards

Polymers, Amino Acids, Porteins And DNA Flashcards

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1
Q

Define addition polymer

A

A long chain formed from many other monomers and no other product is formed

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2
Q

Give a use of polythene

A

Carrier bag, drinks bottles and washing up bowls

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3
Q

Give uses of polypropene

A

Yoghurt pots, car bumpers

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4
Q

Give the use of polychloroethene

A

Aprons, vinyl records, water and pipes

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5
Q

Use of polypropenenitrile

A

Clothing and fabrics

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6
Q

Give uses of polyphenylethene

A

Packaging, thermal insulation

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7
Q

Define a condensation polymer

A

Two molecules join to form a larger one, with a small molecule such as H2O being released

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8
Q

What are the two main types of condensation polymers

A

Polyesters- formed from carboxylic acid and alcohols
Polyamides- formed from carboxylic acids and amines

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9
Q

What is terylene made of and draw the repeating unit

A

Ethane-1,2-diol and benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid - refer to screenshot

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10
Q

Give a use for terylene

A

Carpets, clothing. Heat treated polyesters used for drinks bottles

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11
Q

What is nylon 6,6 made of and draw a repeating unit using phone

A

1,6-diaminohexane and hexane-1,6-dicarboxylic acid

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12
Q

What is Kevlar made of

A

Benzene 1,4-diamine and benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid

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13
Q

What is nylon used as and what are its properties

A

Fibres in clothing- elastic, strong abrasion and resistant

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14
Q

What is Kevlar used in and what are its properties

A

Manufacture of body armour and crash helmets- strong, light and heat resistant

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15
Q

Disposal of addition polymers

A
  • not biodegradable, have no polar bonds so they cannot be hydrolysed instead they are incinerated or burned
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16
Q

Disposal of condensation polymers

A

Can be hydrolysed under acidic or basic conditions
- heating a polyester with aqueous acid such as HCl hydrolyses ester links
Heating with aqueous base such as NaOH hydrolyses the ester links- alcohols are still formed but rhetorical salts of the carboxylic group are also formed

17
Q

Hydrolysis of polyamides

A

Heating with aqueous acid such as HCl gives a carboxylic acid group and ammonium salt
Heating with aqueous base such as NaOH forms amines and the salts of the carboxylic acid

18
Q

When does a zwitterion form and how does it affect the strength of bond

A

At a neutral pH and in the solid state a zwitterion forms, have high melting points due to the strong electrostatic attraction between zwitterions

19
Q

In acidic conditions what do you change

A

NH2 changes to NH3. With everything staying the same

20
Q

In alkaline conditions what do you change

A

COOH changes to COO-

21
Q

Conditions for the hydrolysis of peptides

A

Boil for 24 hours and at 6moldm-3 HCl catalyst

22
Q

primary structure

A

Sequence of amino acids
Gly-Ala-Ala-Val-Leu

23
Q

Secondary structure

A
  • hydrogen bonding
    Alpha helix and beta pleated sheet
24
Q

Tertiary structure

A
  • hydrogen bonds, some ionic interactions, disulfide bonds
25
Q

Enzyme key facts

A
  • increase the rate of reaction by up to x10^10
  • each enzyme is able to catalyse just one type of reaction
  • globular proteins
  • substrate loosely binds to the active site by intermolecular forces
  • reduces the activation energy to break bonds within the molecule
26
Q

What is it called when an enzyme is specific to a substrate

A

Stereospecific - one optical isomer may fit

27
Q

Explain enzyme inhibition

A
  • an undesirable biological process occurs which is catalysed by an enzyme
  • a computer is used to determine the shape of the active site and design another molecular which will fit to the active site - must be the correct enantiomer
  • this is an inhibitor - binds to the active site and prevents the substrate from binding

Another way is to denature by heating or changing pH

28
Q

how many hydrogen bonds between each complementary base pair

A

A and T—> 2
G and C—> 3

29
Q

What is the sugar in DNA

A

2-deoxyribose

30
Q

Anti cancer drugs

A

Cis-platin
Has 2 Cl ligands adjacent to eachother and 2 NH3 ligands- binds to DNA in cancerous cells, prevents DNA from unwinding and so cancer cells cannot replicate- prevents the growth and spreading of cancer cells

31
Q

Considerations for the anticancer drug

A
  • cis-platin will also bind to DNA in healthy cells
    -can cause unwanted side effects
  • cisplatin can be targeted straight to the cancer cells to reduce the effect on healthy tissue
  • used in minimal amounts

Chemistry (25 decks)

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