Polymers, Amino Acids, Porteins And DNA Flashcards
Define addition polymer
A long chain formed from many other monomers and no other product is formed
Give a use of polythene
Carrier bag, drinks bottles and washing up bowls
Give uses of polypropene
Yoghurt pots, car bumpers
Give the use of polychloroethene
Aprons, vinyl records, water and pipes
Use of polypropenenitrile
Clothing and fabrics
Give uses of polyphenylethene
Packaging, thermal insulation
Define a condensation polymer
Two molecules join to form a larger one, with a small molecule such as H2O being released
What are the two main types of condensation polymers
Polyesters- formed from carboxylic acid and alcohols
Polyamides- formed from carboxylic acids and amines
What is terylene made of and draw the repeating unit
Ethane-1,2-diol and benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid - refer to screenshot
Give a use for terylene
Carpets, clothing. Heat treated polyesters used for drinks bottles
What is nylon 6,6 made of and draw a repeating unit using phone
1,6-diaminohexane and hexane-1,6-dicarboxylic acid
What is Kevlar made of
Benzene 1,4-diamine and benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid
What is nylon used as and what are its properties
Fibres in clothing- elastic, strong abrasion and resistant
What is Kevlar used in and what are its properties
Manufacture of body armour and crash helmets- strong, light and heat resistant
Disposal of addition polymers
- not biodegradable, have no polar bonds so they cannot be hydrolysed instead they are incinerated or burned
Disposal of condensation polymers
Can be hydrolysed under acidic or basic conditions
- heating a polyester with aqueous acid such as HCl hydrolyses ester links
Heating with aqueous base such as NaOH hydrolyses the ester links- alcohols are still formed but rhetorical salts of the carboxylic group are also formed
Hydrolysis of polyamides
Heating with aqueous acid such as HCl gives a carboxylic acid group and ammonium salt
Heating with aqueous base such as NaOH forms amines and the salts of the carboxylic acid
When does a zwitterion form and how does it affect the strength of bond
At a neutral pH and in the solid state a zwitterion forms, have high melting points due to the strong electrostatic attraction between zwitterions
In acidic conditions what do you change
NH2 changes to NH3. With everything staying the same
In alkaline conditions what do you change
COOH changes to COO-
Conditions for the hydrolysis of peptides
Boil for 24 hours and at 6moldm-3 HCl catalyst
primary structure
Sequence of amino acids
Gly-Ala-Ala-Val-Leu
Secondary structure
- hydrogen bonding
Alpha helix and beta pleated sheet
Tertiary structure
- hydrogen bonds, some ionic interactions, disulfide bonds
Enzyme key facts
- increase the rate of reaction by up to x10^10
- each enzyme is able to catalyse just one type of reaction
- globular proteins
- substrate loosely binds to the active site by intermolecular forces
- reduces the activation energy to break bonds within the molecule
What is it called when an enzyme is specific to a substrate
Stereospecific - one optical isomer may fit
Explain enzyme inhibition
- an undesirable biological process occurs which is catalysed by an enzyme
- a computer is used to determine the shape of the active site and design another molecular which will fit to the active site - must be the correct enantiomer
- this is an inhibitor - binds to the active site and prevents the substrate from binding
Another way is to denature by heating or changing pH
how many hydrogen bonds between each complementary base pair
A and T—> 2
G and C—> 3
What is the sugar in DNA
2-deoxyribose
Anti cancer drugs
Cis-platin
Has 2 Cl ligands adjacent to eachother and 2 NH3 ligands- binds to DNA in cancerous cells, prevents DNA from unwinding and so cancer cells cannot replicate- prevents the growth and spreading of cancer cells
Considerations for the anticancer drug
- cis-platin will also bind to DNA in healthy cells
-can cause unwanted side effects - cisplatin can be targeted straight to the cancer cells to reduce the effect on healthy tissue
- used in minimal amounts
