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Chemistry > Polymers, Amino Acids & DNA > Flashcards

Polymers, Amino Acids & DNA Flashcards

1
Q

Condensation Polymer definition

A

In a condensation reaction, two molecules join to form a larger one, with a small molecule such as H2O or HCl being released

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2
Q

Two main types of condensation polymers

A
  1. Polyesters - formed from carboxylic acids and alcohols.
  2. Polyamides - formed from carboxylic acids and amines.
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3
Q

Terylene

A

Uses:
Carpets, clothing.
Heat treated polyesters used for drinks bottles

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4
Q

Nylon 6,6

A

Uses:
Nylon is used as fibres in clothing
Properties: Elastic, strong abrasion resistant

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5
Q

Kevlar

A

Kevlar is used in the manufacture of body armour and crash helmets.
Properties: Strong, light and heat resistant

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6
Q

Drawing 2 dipeptides

A

2= opposite way round

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7
Q

Disposal of Polymers

A

Addition polymers are not biodegradable.
Addition polymers have non polar C-C bonds they cannot be hydrolysed.

At present these types of polymers are either incinerated or buried.

Condensation polymers are biodegradable as the delta positive C of the polar C-O bond can be attacked by nucleophiles

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8
Q

Hydrolysis of Polyesters

A
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9
Q

Hydrolysis of Polyamides.

A
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10
Q

Amino Acids

A
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11
Q

Zwitterions

A

NEUTRAL pH and in the solid state

This means amino acids have high melting points due to the strong electrostatic attractions between each zwitterion.

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12
Q

In ACIDIC Conditions

A
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13
Q

In ALKALINE Conditions

A
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14
Q

Forming Peptides

A
  • If two amino acids join together they form a dipeptide
  • If three amino acids join together they form a tripeptide
  • If more than three amino acids join they form a polypeptide

The peptide bond can also be called an AMIDE LINK
NH2 group on the left, the COOH group on the right.

When two amino acids join together water is lost, this is a condensation reaction.

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15
Q

Primary (1ᵒ) Structure

A

sequence of amino acids

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16
Q

Secondary (2ᵒ) Structure

A

form hydrogen bonds

Hydrogen bonds form because:
- electron deficient H, attracts the lone pair on the O
- O2 highly electronegative
- large difference in elec neg between C=O/N-H

17
Q

Tertiary (3ᵒ) Structure

A

held in place by:
- Hydrogen bonds
- Some ionic interactions (i.e. the COO- on one amino acid, and the NH3+ on another)
- Disulfide bonds

a disulphide bond is much stronger than a H-bond so has a greater affect on the tertiary structure on a protein.

18
Q

Enzymes

A

proteins which catalyse biological processes, catalyse just one type of reaction

  • The substrate binds loosely to the active site by intermolecular forces.
  • This reduces the Ea to break bonds within the molecule and catalyse the reaction.
  • active site = stereospecific (one optical isomer fits)

Chiral centre = more than one enantiomer, only 1 enantiomer fits into active site, not 100% efficient

19
Q

How can an inhibitor prevent enzyme catalysing reactions

A
  • inhibitor fits into a stereospecific active site of enzyme
  • blocks substrate from binding to the site
20
Q

Using tech to prevent enzymes replicating

A
  • computer modelling maps stereospecific active site
  • molecule designed to fit into site and block substrate
21
Q

What is DNA made up of

A
  • A phosphate
  • A sugar
  • A base
22
Q

Datasheet

A
23
Q

State the meaning of complementary

A

ADENINE ALWAYS BONDS TO THYMINE WITH 2 HYDROGEN BONDS

GUANINE ALWAYS BONDS TO CYTOSINE WITH 3 HYDROGEN BONDS

24
Q

Draw a ring around cystine molecule

A
25
Q

Cell Division

A

(1) This is the strand of DNA which is going to replicate itself

(2) The hydrogen bonds between base pairs break, and the two strands start to unravel

(3) New nucleotides come and attach to the separate strands. A always pairs with T, C always pairs with G.

(4) The new nucleotides polymerise together by forming a phosphate-sugar bond. This creates a second ‘complementary’ strand of DNA, giving two full DNA molecules:

26
Q

Anti-cancer Drugs

A
  • Cis-platin will also bind to the DNA in healthy cells.
  • This can cause unwanted side effects.
  • The cis-platin drug can be targeted straight to the cancer cells to reduce the effect on healthy tissue.
  • It can also be used in minimal amounts

Chemistry (30 decks)

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