polymers amino acids and DNA

Question 1

what is a single strand of DNA made up of

Answer 1

4 diffrent monomers

Question 2

what 3 things is a monomer/nucleotide made up of ?

Answer 2

a phosphate
a sugar
a base

Question 3

adenine is bonded with ….. and forms …. hydrogen bonds

Answer 3

thymine
2

Question 4

guanine is bonded with ….. and forms …. hydrogen bonds

Answer 4

cytosine
3

Question 5

describe cell division

Answer 5

hydrogen bonds between base pairs break
2 strands start to unravel
new nucleotides come and attach to the standard strands
the new nucleotides polymerise together by forming a phosphate sugar bond
this creates a second complementary strand of DNA giving 2 full DNA molecules

Question 6

considerations of using cis platin

Answer 6

also bonds to healthy cells
can cause unwanted side effects
targeted straight to the cells ro reduce the effect on healthy tissue
can also be used in minimal amounts

Question 7

cis platin

Answer 7

PtCl2(NH3)2

Question 8

define an addition polymer

Answer 8

long chain formed from many monomers and no other product is formed

Question 9

define a condensation polymer

Answer 9

2 molecules join to form a larger one and a small molecule like H2O or HCl is realised

Question 10

what is a polyester formed from

Answer 10

dicarboxycilic acid and a diol
or
diol and diacyl chloride

Question 11

what is terylene formed from

Answer 11

ethane-1,2-diol
and
benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid

Question 12

use of terylene

Answer 12

carpets clothing
heat treated polyesters used for drinks bottles

Question 13

what are polymers containing amide links known as

Answer 13

polyamides of polypeptides

Question 14

what two monomers make up polyamides

Answer 14

dicarboxylic acid and diamine
or
diamine and diacyl chloride

Question 15

what is nylon6,6 made up of

Answer 15

Question 16

draw 2 repeating units of nylon 6,6

Answer 16

Question 17

what monomers make up kevlar

Answer 17

Question 18

draw two repeating units of kevlar

Answer 18

Question 19

name use and properties of nylon

Answer 19

used as fibres in clothing
as it’s elastic, strong abrasion resistant

Question 20

use of kevlar and it’s properties

Answer 20

kevlar is used in the manufacturing of body armour and crash helmets
it’s strong light and heat resistant

Question 21

are addition polymers biodegradable?
why ?

Answer 21

no they aren’t
they have non polar C-C bonds that can’t be hydrolysed

Question 22

how are addition polymers disposed off

Answer 22

incinerated or buried
both of these have significant environmental issues

Question 23

are condensation polymers biodegradable
why ?

Answer 23

they are
as they can be hydrolysed in acidic or basic conditions
the delata positive C of the polar C-O bond can be attacked by nucleophiles

Question 24

what’s formed when you complete base hydrolysis on a polyester

Answer 24

Di-salt and diol

Question 25

what’s formed when you complete acid hydrolysis on a polyester

Answer 25

diol and dicarboxylic acid

Question 26

what two functional groups does an amino acid have

Answer 26

NH2 and COOH

Question 27

what does the NH2 group act as in an amino acid

Answer 27

Base so it can accept H+

Question 28

what does the COOH group act as in an animo acid

Answer 28

acid so can donate H+

Question 29

when do zwitterions form

Answer 29

neutral Ph and in a solid state

Question 30

what is a zwitterion

Answer 30

amino acid with NH3+ group and a COO:- group

Question 31

what happens to amino acids in acidic conditions

Answer 31

they get protonated

Question 32

what happens to amino acids in alkali conditions

Answer 32

they get deprotonated

Question 33

define a dipeptide

Answer 33

when two amino acids join together

Question 34

define a tripeptide

Answer 34

when 3 amino acids join together

Question 35

define a polypeptide

Answer 35

when more then 3 amino acids join togther

Question 36

what is an amide link also known as

Answer 36

polypeptide bond

Question 37

what kind of reaction occurs when 2 amino acids join together

Answer 37

condensation reaction as water is lost

Question 38

conditions for hydrolysising a peptide back to its constitue amino acids

Answer 38

boil for 24 hours 6 mol dm^-3 HCl catalyst

Question 39

describe a primary structure protein

Answer 39

straight line of amino acids

Question 40

describe a secondary structure protein

Answer 40

3D shape hydrogen bonds form between 2 peptide chains electron deficient H from NH attracts the lone pair on the O from C=O

Question 41

name the 2 3D shapes that a secondary structure protein can have

Answer 41

alpha helix beta pleated sheet

Question 42

describe how a tertiary structure is formed

Answer 42

alpha helix or beta pleated sheet folds into a 3D shape called a tertiary structure

Question 43

how are tertiary structures held in place

Answer 43

hydrogen bonds some ionic interactions disulphide bonds

Question 44

what is a disulphide bond also known as

Answer 44

S-S

Question 45

how can a disluphide bond be represented in an exam

Answer 45

Question 46

how many reactions can each enzyme catalyse

Answer 46

one type

Question 47

why are enzymes stereospecifc

Answer 47

the shape of an enzymes active site is so specific to the substrate that in many cases one optical isomer will fit but another optical isomer may not

Question 48

describe how drug development takes place (enzyme inhibition)

Answer 48

1) an undesirable biological process occurs which is catalysed by an enzyme 2) a computer is used to determine the shape of the active site and design another molecule which will fit into the active site. this must be the correct enantiomer 3) the new molecule is called the inhibitor. this fits into the active site and prevents the substrate from reacting in the active site

Question 49

describe how you would denature an enzyme

Answer 49

heating it up if changing the ph will break the intermolecular forces holding the tertiary and secondary structure in place this will change the shape of the enzyme and it’s active site this in turn will stop the reaction being catalysed