amines

Question 1

what is the postive inductive effect

Answer 1

the ability of an alkyl group to release electron density through a covalent bond

Question 2

why can all amines can act as bases

Answer 2

there is a lone pair on the nitrogen which can accept a proton to form an ammonium ion

Question 3

what is the strength of the base determined by

Answer 3

how available the nitrogen lobe pair is to accept a proton

Question 4

what determines wether a anime is primary secondary or tertiary

Answer 4

how many alkyl groups are attached to the nitrogen atom

Question 5

comparing base strength of ethylamine and ammonia

Answer 5

due to the positive inductive effect the ethyl group releases electron density into the nitrogen
this makes the lone pair on the N more available to accept a proton
so ethylamine is a stronger base than ammonia

Question 6

comparing base strength of ammonia to phenylamine

Answer 6

the lone pair on the nitrogen of phenylamine can delocalise into the phenyl ring
this means it is less available to accept a proton
therefore phenyl anime is a weaker base than ammonia

Question 7

NH3 + HCl ->

Answer 7

NH4Cl ammonium chloride

Question 8

C2NH2 + HNO3 ->

Answer 8

C2H5NH3NO3
ethyl ammonium nitrate

Question 9

how can you ensure a higher yeild of the primary amine

Answer 9

use an excess of ammonia

Question 10

uses of quataniery ammonium salts

Answer 10

hair conditioner
fabric softeners
cationic surfactants

Question 11

how do you ensure higher yeild of quaternary ammonium salts

Answer 11

use an excess of haloalkane

Question 12

forming an anime from haloalkane
nuclephilic sub route
reagent
condition
problem

Answer 12

NH3
excess
further sub

Question 13

forming an anime from haloalkane
nitrile/ reduction route
reagent condition
problems

Answer 13

KCN
aqueous and ethanolic
H2
nickel catalyst
two step process
KCN is toxic

Question 14

nitrobenzene can be reduced to phenyl amine
using ……

Answer 14

HCl and tin catalyst