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A2 Chemistry > polymers > Flashcards

polymers Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a condensation polymer?

A

A polymer formed when monomers join together to form a small molecule of water/hcl

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2
Q

Name two types of condensation polymer

A

Polyesters

Polyamides

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3
Q

What monomers are needed to form polyesters?

A

Dicarboxylic acids and diols

or a single compound with a carboxyl and alcohol group

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4
Q

name a polyester

A

PET - poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Terylene

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5
Q

what are the monomers needed to make PET

A

ethane-1,2-diol

benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid

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6
Q

name uses for PET

A

plastic bottles, clothing

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7
Q

name examples of polyamides

A

nylon 6,6

kevlar

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8
Q

what are the monomers needed in nylon

A

hexane-1,6-dioic acid

hexane-1,6-diamine

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9
Q

what is a polyester?

A

a polymer where the monomers are held together by ester linkages

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10
Q

what is a polyamide?

A

a polymer where the monomers are held together by amide linkages

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11
Q

what is formed in the alkaline hydrolysis of polyesters such as terylene?

A

ethane-1,2-diol and the salt of the carboxylic acid

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12
Q

name polyamides

A

kevlar

nylon-6,6

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13
Q

what are the monomers which form nylon-6,6?

A

hexane-1,6-diamine

hexane-1,6-dioic acid

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14
Q

what are the polymers which form kevlar?

A

benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid

benzene-1,4-diamine

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15
Q

how is hexane-1,6-dioic acid formed industrially?

A

oxidation of cyclohexane

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16
Q

how is hexane-1,6-diamine formed industrially?

A

treat hexane-1,6-dioic acid with ammonia to form ammonia salt
heat this to 350 degrees in the presence of hydrogen to form hexane-1,6-diamine

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17
Q

what bonding is found in polyesters?

A

permanent dipole-dipoles

van der Waals forces

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18
Q

what bonding is found in polyamides?

A

hydrogen bonding
permanent dipole-dipole interactions
van der Waals

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19
Q

what bonding is found in addition polymers?

A

van der Waals

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20
Q

by what process can you break down terylene

A

alkaline hydrolysis

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21
Q

how can alkalis break down terylene?

A

alkali breaks the ester linkages

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22
Q

how do you make nylon in a lab?

A

react hexanedioyl dichloride with the hexane-1,6-diamine

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23
Q

by what process can you break down polyamides?

A

acid hydrolysis

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24
Q

which is more resistant to hydrolysis, kevlar or nylon?

A

kevlar

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25
Q

what is a biodegradable polymer?

A

a polymer which can be broken down in the environment by microorganisms

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26
Q

why are polyalkenes inert?

A

because they’re saturated and have no double bonds or polar groups so they’re chemically inert.

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27
Q

what are the advantages of polyalkenes being inert?

A

they’re durable

28
Q

what are the disadvantages of polyalkenes being inert?

A

cannot be disposed of easily - build up in the environment

29
Q

why do condensation polymers hydrolyse faster in compost heaps?

A

warmer
more water
microorganisms (bacteria)
more light

30
Q

name ways in which polymers can be disposed

A

landfill
incineration
recycling

31
Q

what are the advantages of using landfill sites?

A

the most cost-effective way of getting rid of polymers

32
Q

what are the disadvantages of using landfill sites?

A

wastes land
pollutes land with non-biodegradable polymers
releases methane which is a greenhouse gas
eyesore

33
Q

what are the advantages of incineration?

A

prevents use of ugly landfills
saves money on transportation of waste
produces heat energy which can be used to generate electricity

34
Q

what are the disadvantages of incineration?

A

produces greenhouse gases like CO2
releases toxic gases like SO2 (acid rain)
more expensive
still produces waste for landfills

35
Q

what strategies are there to control polymer waste?

A

reduction in the use of polymers
reduction in the use of carrier bags
dedicated polymer recycling
use more biodegradable polymers

36
Q

what are proteins?

A

sequences of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds (amide linkages)

37
Q

what is the primary structure of a protein?

A

the order of the amino acids

38
Q

what is the secondary structure of a protein?

A

the folding or coiling of the chain of amino acids

39
Q

what is the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

final folding of a protein molecule

40
Q

give some of the characteristics of amino acids

A

melting point of 200 degrees
soluble in water
form optical isomers

41
Q

why do amino acids have such a high melting point?

A

in the solid state they form zwiterions so there are ionic bonds between the amino acids

42
Q

what are zwitterions?

A

molecules with no overall charge but have positive and negative parts of the molecule

43
Q

why are amino acids soluble in water?

A

because there are interactions between the polar water molecules and the zwitterions

44
Q

why are amino acids insoluble in non-polar substances like alkanes?

A

lack of attraction

45
Q

why can amino acids form optical isomers?

A

bc they have a chiral carbon

46
Q

in what reaction are proteins formed?

A

condensation reactions

47
Q

what are the two types of secondary structures in proteins?

A

alpha helix

beta pleated sheets

48
Q

what is an alpha helix?

A

a right handed helix

49
Q

when do proteins form alpha helices?

A

when they have small R groups

50
Q

what bonds are found in the secondary structure?

A

hydrogen bonds

51
Q

how is a beta pleated sheet formed?

A

when amino acids chains fold so they’re facing each other and hydrogen bonds form between NH and CO groups

52
Q

what is the tertiary structure of the protein?

A

the final folding of the protein in 3D space

53
Q

how do the interactions form in the tertiary structure?

A

interactions between the R groups

54
Q

what interactions are found in the tertiary structure?

A

hydrogen bonding
van der Waals forces
ionic bonds
disulfide bridges

55
Q

what is the main structure in fibrous proteins?

A

secondary

56
Q

give characteristics of fibrous proteins

A

strong
resistant
insoluble

57
Q

what are globular proteins?

A

spherical proteins mainly with a tertiary structure

58
Q

what are enzymes?

A

biological catalysts

59
Q

what type of protein are enzymes?

A

globular proteins

60
Q

explain the mode of action of catalysts

A

substrates are the reactants
specific to the active site
fits into active site and strains the bonds
turns it into a product
product is non-comp. so it doesnt fit the enzyme and is dissociated

61
Q

what is the active site?

A

foldings of the protein in the tertiary structure which are specific to substrates

62
Q

what is meant by the active site being stereospecific?

A

is a substrate has two stereoisomers, then only one will fit into the active site

63
Q

how do enzyme inhibitors work

A

they’re of a similar shape to the active site so they bind to it instead of the substrate

64
Q

how are proteins broken down?

A

hydrolysis. boil the protein with hydrochloric acid

65
Q

how can amino acids be analysed?

A

TLC

66
Q

why can polyesters be hydrolysed?

A

the polar C=O group can be attacked by nucleophiles

A2 Chemistry (17 decks)

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