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A Level Chemistry > Polymers > Flashcards

Polymers Flashcards

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1
Q

When do addition polymers form?

A

When unsaturated monomors react
The monomers have C=C

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2
Q

Give an example of an addition polymer:

A

Poly(alkenes)

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3
Q

What makes poly(alkenes) non-biodegradeable?

A

Because they are chemically inert due to the strong C-C and C-H bonds and the non-polar nature of the bonds.
The non-polar bonds aren’t susceptible to attack from nucleophiles such as water so cannot be hydrolysed and thus are non-biodegradeable

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4
Q

What two linkages are involved in condensation polymers and what are the two most common types of condensation polymers?

A

Ester linkages and Amide linkages
Polyesters and Polyamides

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5
Q

What happens in condensation polymerisation?

A

Two different monomers that add together and a small molecule is usually given off as a side product e.g. H2O or HCl

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6
Q

Give 2 equations to show the formation of a poly(ester)?

A

dicarboxylic acid + diol –> poly(ester) + water
diacylchloride + diol –> poly(ester) + HCl

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7
Q

Give 2 equations to show the formation of a poly(amide)?

A

dicarboxylic acid + diamine –> poly(amide) + water
diacyl chloride + diamine –> poly(amide) + HCl

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8
Q

How are condensation polymers formed? Give three ways:

A

Dicarboxylic acid + diamine
Dicarboxylic acid + diol
Amino acids

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9
Q

What is Kevlar?

A

A polyamide

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10
Q

What two molecules is Kevlar made from?

A

benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid & 1,4-diaminobenzene

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11
Q

What is nylon 6,6?

A

A polyamide

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12
Q

What two molecules form Nylon 6,6?

A

Hexanedioic acid & 1,6-diaminohexane

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13
Q

What are the three types of condensation polymer?

A

Polyamide, polyester, polypeptide

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14
Q

Give two examples of polyamides?

A

Kevlar + Nylon 6,6

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15
Q

What two molecules are needed to make a polyamide?

A

Dicarboxylic acid, diamine

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16
Q

Dicarboxylic acid + diamine –>

A

polyamide + 2nH20

17
Q

Where do the two molecules of water come from during the formation of a polyamide?

A

In order to form the repeating unit, one molecule is lost so the amide linkage can form and the other molecule is lost so that the repeating unit can join to other repeating units.

18
Q

What is kevlar used in?

A

Bulletproof vest, sports equipment, car tyres

19
Q

What is nylon 6,6 used in?

A

parachute fabric, ropes, clothing, carpets

20
Q

Give an example of a polyester?

A

Terylene

21
Q

What is terylene used in?

A

Plastic drinks bottles, sheeting and clothes

22
Q

What is the acronym of terylene?

A

PET

23
Q

What is terylene made from?

A

benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid and ethane-1,2-diol

24
Q

Why are condensation polymers stronger than addition polymers?

A

Because of the polar C-N and C=O bonds, hydrogen bonds exist between the polymer chains, as well as dipole-dipole and VDW forces.

25
Q

Why are condensation polymers biodegradeable?

A

Due to the polar bonds which are susceptible to nucleophilic attack - broken down by hydrolysis slowly
Nucleophiles include water

26
Q

Why are addition polymers not biodegradeable?

A

They are chemically inert, due to their molecules being saturated and them having no polar bonds –> unreactive

27
Q

What is the benefit of using addition polymers in food?

A

They don’t react due to them being chemically inert

28
Q

What type of plastics are disposed of using landfill? Give 3 types:

A

Ones that are:
Too difficult to recycle
Too difficult to separate from other materials
Not enough plastic to extract to make it economically viable

29
Q

What are the risks of landfill?

A

Methane released as waste decomposes
Water contamination due to waste leaching
Not very sustainable
Increasingly expensive - land needed

30
Q

When is incineration used?

A

When plastics cannot be recycled

31
Q

What are the risks with incineration?

A

Could release toxic fumes e.g. burning chlorine based plastics such as PVC as this release HCl gas

32
Q

What is a benefit to using incineration?

A

The burning generates energy

33
Q

How can the risks of incineration be combatted?

A

Using flue gas scrubbers to neutralise the acidic harmful gases (HCl) –> a base is fired at them

34
Q

What are 3 ways of disposing of plastics?

A

Landfill, incineration, recycling

35
Q

Why is recycling good?

A

Because most plastics are made from crude oil, crude oil is non-renewable so it reduces the dependency on crude oil.

36
Q

What are the 2 ways of recycling? Explain:

A

Cracking and remoulding.
Some plastics e.g. poly(propene) can be remoulded into new objects
Other plastics can be cracked into monomers to be used as organic feedstock for plastics/other substances

37
Q

4 advantages of recycling plastics?

A

cheaper than making from scratch
less CO2 than incinerating them
reduces reliance on landfill
preserves non-renewable raw materials e.g. crude oil

38
Q

4 disadvantages of recycling plastics?

A

plastics can be contaminated w/ other materials when being recycled
there is a wide variety of different plastics
difficult to remake the original plastic
sorting + processing plastics to be recycled is ££ compared to incinceration

39
Q

What polymer has hydrogen bonding between the polymer chains?

A

Kevlar

A Level Chemistry (17 decks)

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