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A Level Chemistry > Organic Synthesis > Flashcards

Organic Synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

alkane –> halogenoalkanes

A

free radical sub

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2
Q

primary amines –> secondary/tertiary amines and quarternary salt

A

further nucleophilic subs w/ halogenoalkane + heat

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3
Q

halogenoalkane –> primary amine

A

excess ethanolic NH3
Nucleophilic sub

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4
Q

halogenoalkane –> nitrile

A

aq KCN in ethanol, reflux, nucleophilic sub

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5
Q

halogenoalkane –> alcohol

A

warm aq KOH/NaOH heat under reflux, nucleophilic substitution

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6
Q

halogenoalkane –> alkene

A

NaOH/KOH warm ethanol, reflux, elimination

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7
Q

alkene –> halogenoalkane

A

electrophilic addition, HX, 25 degrees celcius,

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8
Q

alkene –> dibromoalkane

A

this is the test for unsaturation, orange bromine water turning colourless in the presence of an alkene –> electrophilic addition, Br2, 25 degrees celcius

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9
Q

nitrile –> primary amine

A

Nitrile is reduced by the strong reducing agent (LiAlH4)
in lab: use LiAlH4, dry ether, then dilute acid
Industry: Ni/Pt catalyst, high temp, high pressure using catalytic hydrogenation
BECAUSE LiAlH4 is too expensive to use in industry

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10
Q

alkene –> alcohol

A

electrophilic addition
H3PO4 catalyst, steam, 300 C, 60atm
e.g. ethene can be hydrated by steam to produce ethanol in industry, using a solid phosphoric (V) acid
The reaction is reversible has a low % yield of 5% but the unreacted ethene can be recycled

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11
Q

alcohol –> alkene

A
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12
Q

Alcohol –> carboxylic acid

A
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13
Q

Alcohol –> aldehyde/ketone

A
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14
Q

aldehyde –> carboxylic acid

A
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15
Q

aldehyde/ketone –> alcohol

A
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16
Q

aldehyde/ketone –> hydroxynitrile

A
17
Q

carboxylic acid –> ester

A
18
Q

ester –> carboxylic acid

A
19
Q

acyl chloride/acid anhydride –> carboxylic acid

A
20
Q

acyl chloride/acid anhydride –> N-substituted amide

A
21
Q

acyl chloride/acid anhydride –> primary amine

A
22
Q

acyl chloride/acid anhydride –> ester

A

A Level Chemistry (17 decks)

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