Poll and assignment MT1 Flashcards
Which structure is NOT part of the upper airways?
A. Trachea
B. Larynx
C. Pharynx
D. Nasal cavity
A. Trachea
In which region of the airways would airflow have the highest velocity?
A. Trachea
B. Bronchi
C. Bronchioles
D. All would have equal velocity of airflow
A. Trachea -zero divisions and only one exists with the smallest cross sectional area. Velocity of air flow is inversely proportional to total cross sectional area
The majority of the exchange surface area within alveoli is made up of this type of cell:
a. Type 1 alveolar cell
b. Alveolar macrophage
c. Type 2 alveolar cell
d. none of the above
a.
For air to move into the lungs alveolar volume needs to _____ causing pressure in the alveoli to ______
a. Increase, increase
b. decrease, decrease
c. increase, decrease
d. decrease, increase
e. none of the above
c. Increase in alveolar volume decreases alveolar pressure below atmospheric pressure, resulting in air moving in (down pressure gradient)
E. Functional residual capacity
Which of the following is NOT a muscle used in quiet inspiration?
a. Internal intercostals
b. External intercostals
c. Diaphragm
d. Scalenes
a.
Puncturing the parietal pleura layer would cause intrapleural pressure to ____ leading to _____
a. become more positive, lung collapse
b. become more negative, lung collapse
c. remain the same, lung collapse
d. remain the same, no change in lung volume
a.
Reduced surfactant would make the lungs:
a. more compliant
b. less compliant
c. does not affect compliance
b.
The site of variable resistance within the respiratory system of a healthy individual occurs in the
a. trachea
b. bronchi
c. bronchioles
d. alveoli
c.
Which of the following is characterized by the excessive deposit of dense connective tissue around alveoli?
a. asthma
b. pulmonary fibrosis
c. emphysema
d. pneumothorax
b.
With increased ventilation independent of changes in perfusion, PO2 in the alveoli would _____ and PCO2 in the alveoli would _____
a. decrease, increase
b. increase, decrease
c. increase, increase
d. decrease, decrease
b.
Pulmonary and systemic arterioles both vasodilate in response to decreased O2 concentration
a. true
b. false
False
Which of the following variables would cause a decrease in alveolar PO2 (assuming perfusion remains constant)
a. decreased airway resistance
b. decreases atmospheric O2 concentration
c. increased rate or depth of breathing
d. None of the above
b.
Why can you have hypoxia and not hypercapnia with pulmonary edema?
CO2 has increased solubility in fluide, increase in diffusion distance doesnt effect PCO2
Which of the following will result in INCREASED diffusion between the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
a. increased diffusion distance
b. increased barrier permeability
c. reduced concentration gradient
d. decreased surface area
b.
-Diffusion rate is proportional to (surface area) x (concentration gradient) x (barrier permeability)
At rest our tissues only consume approximately 25% of the oxygen delivered to them
true
false
true
25 hemoglobin molecules can carry a maximum of ____ O2 molecules
a. 5
b. 25
c. 50
d. 100
d. each Hb (tetramer) can carry 4 O2 molecules
The amount of O2 in your systemic arterial blood depends on:
a. plasma O2
b. Hb content in each RBC
c. The concentration of RBCs
d. All of the above
d.
Which of the following can result in reduced O2 diffusion due to a decrease in surface area?
a. asthma
b. pulmonary fibrosis
c. emphysema
d. pulmonary edema
c.
The term that is simply defined as breathing is __________.
ventilation
respiration
inspiration
expiration
ventilation
Which of the following is NOT a muscle that assists in the pressure changes associated with breathing?
Diaphragm
Scalenes
Pleural sac
Intercostal muscles
pleural sac
Gas exchange between the lungs and the atmosphere occurs in the __________.
trachea
alveoli
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
Which word or phrase means “the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the lungs”?
Expiration
External respiration
Ventilation
Cellular respiration
ventilation
What is a function of the pleural fluid?
To help oxygen diffuse into the blood
To humidify inhaled air
To keep the thoracic cavity from collapsing
To hold the lungs to the thoracic wall
to hold the lungs to the thoracic wall
Which key property of the bronchi increases as the average diameter of the passageways decreases?
(Hint: it also occurs in the arterial vasculature.)
Wall thickness
Cross-sectional area
Fluid velocity (air in the lungs and blood in the vasculature)
Radius
cross-sectional area
The CFTR channel is an anion channel that is dysfunctional in patients with cystic fibrosis. It is required for the proper production of mucus in the respiratory tract. Which anion moves through the CFTR channel?
Phosphate
Iron
Chloride
Sodium
Chloride
Which of the following correctly states the relationship known as Boyle’s law?
PV = nRT
Partial pressure of a gas = Patm+ % of gas in atmosphere.
P1V2 = P2V1
P1V1 = P2V2
p1v1=p2v2
What would the pressure of a gas become if its starting pressure was 6 mmHg in a volume of 30 L, and the volume decreased to 5 L?
1 mmHg
25 mmHg
36 mmHg
The new pressure cannot be determined from the information given.
36 mmHg
As one moves up in altitude, the atmospheric pressure decreases. In Vail, Colorado (altitude 8022 ft or 2445 m), the atmospheric pressure is approximately 570 mmHg. What would the partial pressure of oxygen be in Vail?
21%
120 mm Hg
160 mm Hg
The PO2 cannot be calculated from the available information.
120 mmHg
Which relationship between pressure and volume does the ideal gas law demonstrate?
They are positively correlated.
They are independent of one another.
They are inversely proportional.
They are directly proportional.
Inversely proportional
The additional air that you can exhale after a normal exhale is the __________.
expiratory reserve volume
tidal volume
residual volume
inspiratory reserve volume
expiratory reserve volume
Relaxation of the respiratory muscles leads to which change?
An increase in thoracic volume and decrease in pressure in the lung
A decrease in thoracic volume and increase in pressure in the lungs
An increase in thoracic volume and increase in pressure in the lungs
A decrease in thoracic volume and decrease in pressure in the lungs
a decrease in thoracic volume and increase in pressure in the lungs
What causes normal expiration?
Relaxation of the heart, which is between the two lungs, pushes on the walls of the lungs and forces the air out.
The expiratory muscles contract to reverse the pressure and volume changes that produced inspiration.
Elastic recoil of lungs and the thoracic cage
Contraction of the diaphragm
elastic recoil of the lungs and the thoracic cage
A patient with an allergy has an EpiPen. Which would you expect after injection of epinephrine?
Decreased resistance and decreased flow
Increased resistance and decreased flow
Increased resistance and increased flow
Decreased resistance and increased flow
decreased resistance and increased flow
Which capacity is the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and tidal volume?
Vital capacity
Inspiratory capacity
Total lung capacity
Functional residual capacity
vital capacity
What causes the greatest change in thoracic volume during quiet inspiration?
Increased intrapleural pressure
Relaxation of the internal intercostal muscles
Contraction of the diaphragm
Air flowing into the lungs
contraction of the diaphragm
Which characteristic of the lungs is defined as the change in volume that results from a given force exerted?
Elastance
Compliance
Fibrosis
Resistance
Compliance
Which two factors have the greatest influence on the amount of work needed for breathing?
Elastic recoil of the thoracic wall and the tension created by the ribs
Compliance and inertia
Compliance and airway resistance
Surface tension and pneumothorax
compliance and airway resistance
Like the cardiovascular system, what is the primary determinant of resistance to flow in the respiratory system?
Air density
Tube radius
Air viscosity
Tube length
tube radius
Which is the best definition of anatomical dead space?
The volume of the conducting system
The ventilation rate
The tidal volume
The volume of the exchange portion of the respiratory system
the volume of the conducting system
A student is biking to class and crashes. A broken rib makes a hole in the plural membrane. Which do you expect?
More air in the pleural cavity and increased intrapleural pressure
More air in the pleural cavity and decreased intrapleural pressure
Less air in the pleural cavity and decreased intrapleural pressure
Less air in the pleural cavity and increased intrapleural pressure
more air in the pleural cavity and increased intrapleural pressure
A patient has a disorder that destroys type II alveolar cells. Which would you expect?
Increased surface tension and increased work to expand alveoli
Decreased surface tension and decreased work to expand alveoli
Decreased surface tension and increased work to expand alveoli
Increased surface tension and decreased work to expand alveoli
increased surface tension and increased work to expand alveoli
Which is a difference between total pulmonary ventilation and alveolar ventilation?
One depends on dead space volume, and the other does not.
One uses mL/min for units, and the other does not.
One depends on ventilation rate, and the other does not.
One depends on tidal volume, and the other does not.
one depends on dead space volume, and the other does not
Which of the following situations would increase O2 release at the tissues?
a. increased pH
b. increased temperature
c. decreased CO2
d. All of the above
b.
Because this factor normally varies, the most important variable that influences the diffusion of respiratory gases is the __________.
membrane thickness
surface area
pressure or concentration gradient
diffusion distance
pressure or concentration gradient
Emphysema reduces respiratory gas exchange by changing __________.
airway resistance
diffusion distance
surface area
membrane thickness
surface area
What is the main mechanism by which gases move from the alveoli into the blood and cells and back?
Bulk flow
Symport
Simple diffusion
Active transport
simple diffusion
Low alveolar PO2 can be caused by one of two mechanisms. One of them is that the inspired air has low oxygen content. What is the other reason?
High altitude
Hypoventilation
Low hemoglobin concentration
Low hematocrit
hypoventilation
Which disorder would usually result in a normal alveolar PO2 but a decreased arterial PO2 because of fluid increasing diffusion distance?
Fibrotic lung disease
Emphysema
Pulmonary edema
Asthma
pulmonary edema
Emphysema causes a loss of walls between individual alveoli, resulting in fewer, but larger, alveoli. Which part of gas diffusion would be most affected by emphysema?
Surface area
Diffusion distance
Alveolar/capillary membrane permeability
Concentration gradient
surface area
At the same pressure, about 20 times more CO2 will dissolve in plasma as O2. Why does this occur?
CO2 molecules move faster than O2.
CO2 has a higher solubility than O2.
CO2 will pass through the red blood cell membrane faster than O2.
O2 will bind to hemoglobin with a higher affinity than CO2.
co2 has a higher solubility than o2
Which would stimulate decreased respiration?
pH 7.4
Hypercapnia and hypoxia
Increased carbon dioxide and decreased oxygen
Decreased carbon dioxide and increased oxygen
decreased co2 and increased o2
During inhalation,
the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases.
the diaphragm relaxes.
the diaphragm and rib muscles contract.
oxygen molecules move into the lungs, and carbon dioxide molecules move out of the lungs.
air moves up the trachea.
the diaphragm and rib muscles contract
From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood?
Trachea
Alveoli
Nose
Bronchioles
Bronchi
alveoli
Which statement is correct?
As oxygen diffuses from the lungs into capillaries, blood becomes deoxygenated.
In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells.
Carbon dioxide diffuses from the alveoli into surrounding capillaries.
Oxygen is released from the mitochondria as a product of cellular respiration.
Oxygen diffuses from large blood vessels into the body’s cells.
b
After blood becomes oxygenated,
it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to the lungs.
it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells.
it does not return to the heart, but goes directly to capillaries that supply the body’s cells with oxygen.
it does not return to the heart, but goes to the nose and mouth.
it does not return to the heart, but goes directly to the lungs.
b
Hemoglobin
uses ATP to move oxygen from blood to body cells.
has five subunits.
is the site of cellular respiration.
is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen.
is found in blood plasma.
d
Approximately what percentage of the total blood oxygen is bound to hemoglobin instead of dissolved in plasma?
2%
78%
88%
98%
d
Choose the combination of factors that would lead to the greatest oxygen unloading from hemoglobin.
Low pH, high temperature, high PCO2, high 2,3-BPG
Low pH, high temperature, low PCO2, high 2,3-BPG
High pH, high temperature, high PCO2, low 2,3-BPG
High pH, low temperature, low PCO2, low 2,3-BPG
a
About 23% of the carbon dioxide in blood is carried __________.
by hemoglobin, bound to amino groups
as bicarbonate ions dissolved in plasma
as CO2 dissolved in plasma
by hemoglobin, bound to iron
a
A patient with an opioid overdose has a decreased ventilation rate. Which of the following would you expect?
Decreased carbon dioxide in the blood and decreased pH
Decreased carbon dioxide in the blood and increased pH
Increased carbon dioxide in the blood and decreased pH
Increased carbon dioxide in the blood and increased pH
c
In a healthy respiratory system, if the alveolar PO2 is 85 mmHg, what will arterial PO2 be?
70 mmHg
80 mmHg
85 mmHg
100 mmHg
c
What is the main difference between fetal and adult hemoglobin?
Fetal hemoglobin contains two beta chains, while adult hemoglobin contains two gamma chains.
Adult hemoglobin lacks iron to make more room for oxygen binding.
Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen.
Adult hemoglobin is larger.
c
In which form is most carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
Bound to hemoglobin
Dissolved in the plasma
As bicarbonate ion
As carbonic acid
c
What is the chloride shift?
The production of HCO3- by enzymatic breakdown of chloride
The excretion of Cl- by the kidney, preventing HCO3-from causing an increase in plasma pH
The production of carbaminohemoglobin by chloride from the plasma
The exchange of bicarbonate for Cl- ions in red blood cells, causing HCO3- to leave the cell
d
Which change would cause a shift to the left in the oxygen-hemoglobin binding curve?
Decreased temperature
Increased PCO2
Increased 2,3-BPG
Decreased pH
a
Using the Fick equation, calculate cardiac output if a person is consuming 1.41 L O2/min, has an arterial O2 content of 190 ml O2/L, and a venous O2 content of 25 ml O2/L.
0.0085 L/min
8.5 L/min
10.7 L/min
163.6 L/min
b
Changes in the amount of __________ are the main stimulus driving changes in ventilation.
O2
H+
CO2
body heat
c
Central chemoreceptors that monitor cerebrospinal fluid will stimulate an increase in ventilation __________.
if CO2 increases or H+ decreases (resulting in decreased pH)
if either CO2 or H+ decreases (resulting in decreased pH)
if CO2 decreases or H+ increases (resulting in decreased pH)
if either CO2 or H+ increases (resulting in decreased pH)
d
A patient has an opioid overdose, which decreases signaling in the medulla. Which of the following would you expect?
Decreased signaling in somatic motor neurons, leading to decreased skeletal muscle contraction
Decreased signaling in autonomic neurons and decreased smooth muscle contraction
Decreased signaling in somatic motor neurons, leading to decreased smooth muscle contraction
Decreased signaling in autonomic neurons, leading to decreased skeletal muscle contraction
a
Which area of the brain stimulates the diaphragm to contract to initiate inspiration?
Dorsal respiratory group
Pontine respiratory group
Ventral respiratory group
The pre-Bötzinger complex
a
Which change would cause the greatest stimulus for an increase in ventilation?
Arterial pH decreasing to 7.2
Arterial PCO2 decreasing to 40 mmHg
Arterial PO2 decreasing to 80 mmHg
Arterial PCO2 increasing to 46 mmHg
d
Which chemical can stimulate ventilation by binding both peripheral and central chemoreceptors?
Both blood CO2 and H+
Blood H+
Plasma O2
Plasma CO2
d
Filtration in the kidneys occurs at the
a. glomerular capillaries
b. peritubular capillaries
c. glomerular and peritubular capillaries
d. none of the above
a.
At the renal corpuscle the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus is 50mmHg, colloid osmotic pressure in the glomerulus is 20mmHg and bowmans capsule pressure is 10mmHg. The net filtration pressure is:
a. 10
b. 20
c. 30
d. 50
b.
If renal blood flow increases, capillary hydrostatic pressure and GFR must also increase. True or false
false
