Poll and assignment final Flashcards
These epithelial cells play a major role in immune system functioning in the GI tract:
a. M cells
b. S cells
c. I cells
d. L cells
a.
Normally an increased storage of fat in adipocytes would cause which of the following?
a. Decreased leptin release
b. Increased feeding behaviour
c. Increased TSH and ACTH release
d. Decreased sympathetic activity
c.
Increases in which of the following promotes feeding behaviour?
a. cck
b. leptin
c. gastric distension
d. ghrelin
e. all of the above
Digestive processes do not start until food enters the GI tracti (mouth)
true
false
False
gastric acid is released from:
a. G cells
b. D cells
c. Chief cells
d. Parietal cells
D.
Digestive enzymes in the stomach are produced by which type of cell?
a. Chief cells
b. G cells
c. D cells
d. Parietal cells
e. ECL cells
a.
Activation of most pancreatic zymogens depends on:
a. trypsin
b. pepsin
c. H+
d. all of the above
a.
Intrinsic facter which is important in vitamin b12 absorption is released by which type of cell?
a. chief cell
b. D cell
c. Parietal cell
d. G cell
e. none of the above
c.
Carbohydrates are primarily absorbed as
a. monosaccharides
b. disaccharides
c. polysaccharides
d. none of the above
a.
which of the following digestive enzymes cleaves proteins into smaller polypeptides?
a. exopeptidase
b. carboxypeptidase
c. aminopeptidase
d. endopeptidase
d.
The gallbladder stored enough bile needed for an entire meal
true or false
false, it is recycled 2-5 times and about 5% is lost in feces
The primary role of this intestinal hormone is to stimulate pancreatic enzyme secretion
a. secretin
b. CCK
c. GIP
d. GLP-1
b.
Most glycogen in the body is stored within the:
a. Liver
b. Muscle
c. Adipocytes
d. Brain
b.
Metabolism in the fed state is characterized by which of the following
a. lipolysis
b. the use of FAs for energy production in most cells
c. The formation of new glucose
d. The conversion of glucose to glycogen
d.
Which of the following would be considered genetically female?
a. XY
b. XXY
c. X
d. XX
e. C and D
e.
hat is the first area that food contacts as it moves from the stomach to the small intestines?
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Antrum
a.
What makes the anatomy of the stomach wall unique compared to the other parts of the digestive system?
It has three layers of smooth muscle.
It has folds in its mucosa.
It contains lymph vessels.
It has nerve plexuses that allow for the regulation of muscle contraction.
a.
GI contractions that are sustained for minutes or hours are called __________ contractions.
peristaltic
tonic
phasic
segmental
b.
The four processes of the digestive system include digestion, absorption, secretion, and __________.
Reabsorption
Identification
Taste
Motility
d.
What is the “migrating motor complex”?
A shift of smooth muscle cells from the circular to the oblique layer in the stomach
Movement, or migration, of food from the mouth into the stomach
Alternating patterns of electrical activity that stimulate the longitudinal and then the circular layer of smooth muscle throughout the GI tract
A pattern of slow contractions sweeping along the GI tract
d.
What is the function of the interstitial cells of Cajal?
They produce HCl.
They act as stretch receptors in the stomach to signal fullness.
They are the origin of slow waves.
They produce bile in the liver.
c.
What happens when slow wave action potentials reach threshold?
Bicarbonate is released from the pancreatic islets.
Voltage-gated calcium channels open in the muscularis externa.
HCl is released from parietal cells.
Salivary glands, especially the parotid gland, contract to release saliva.
b.
Anticipating that one is about to eat can trigger the __________ phase of digestion.
intestinal
emesis
cephalic
deglutition
c.
Blood from the intestines flows directly to the __________.
kidneys for filtering
liver for filtering
venous circulation for return to the heart
heart chambers for systemic recirculation
b.
Which is the best example of a short reflex?
Ghrelin, which is released by the stomach and causes feelings of hunger
Cephalic phase insulin release (CPIR), which occurs when the taste of sweet foods stimulates release of insulin from beta cells in the pancreas
The gastrocolic reflex, which occurs when stretch in the stomach increases motility in the large intestine
Cholecystokinin, which is released by the duodenum and stimulates contraction of the gall bladder and feelings of satiety
c.
Which hormone stimulates release of insulin in response to glucose in the intestinal lumen?
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
Cholecystokinin
Gastrin
Motilin
a.
Chemical digestion of food starts in the __________.
stomach
mouth
small intestine
large intestine
b.
A patient is given a parasympathetic antagonist during surgery. Which would you expect?
Drooling
No change in saliva, because saliva is regulated by somatic motor neurons.
Increased saliva
Decreased saliva
d,
In terms of chemical digestion of organic molecules, the stomach mainly digests __________.
fats
carbohydrates
nucleic acids
proteins
d.
Which long reflex of the cephalic phase stimulates digestive activity in the stomach before food arrives?
Receptive relaxation reflex
Vagal reflex
Salivary reflex
Deglutition reflex
b.
Which is NOT a similarity between parietal cells and chief cells?
Both are located in gastric mucosa.
Both are stimulated by acetylcholine.
Both are needed for digestion of proteins.
Both regulate gastric acid secretion.
d.
Salivation is controlled almost entirely by the nervous system. Which of the following stimuli would inhibit salivation?
nausea
fear
a lemon
the thought of food
b.
HCl secretions convert pepsinogen to the active hormone pepsin. What cells in the gastric pits produce pepsinogen?
chief
G cells
paracrine (also known as enteroendocrine cells)
parietal
a.
In response to a steak dinner, certain secretions are needed to aid digestion. What cells in the pancreas would provide these secretions?
duct cells
acinar cells
islet of Langerhans cells
b.
An increase in HCl (hydrochloric acid) arriving in the duodenum would stimulate which hormone that would help to counteract the effects of HCl?
secretin
GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide)
gastrin
CCK (cholecystokinin)
a.
The secretion in the large intestine consists of which of the following?
bicarbonate- and potassium-rich mucus
digestive enzymes such as CCK and secretin
intrinsic factor
bile
a.
Transcytosis is how __________ are absorbed.
cholesterol molecules
fatty acids
peptides
carbohydrates
c.
A patient took high doses of antibiotics to help fight a bacterial infection. However, this treatment also killed helpful bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. Which of the following would you expect?
Decreased digestion of monosaccharide carbohydrates and decreased vitamin absorption
Decreased digestion of complex carbohydrates and decreased vitamin K, leading to clotting problems
Decreased digestion and absorption of all nutrients in the small intestine
Decreased digestion and absorption of carbohydrates in the small intestine
b.
Which enzyme helps produce bicarbonate in pancreatic acini and in duodenal cells? Hint: It is the same enzyme that is active in erythrocytes.
Carbonic anhydrase
Amylase
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
Na+/K+-ATPase
a.
Carbohydrate digestion begins when the complex carbohydrate starch is broken down into maltose. Which enzymes catalyze the breakdown of maltose into monosaccharides, and where are the enzymes found?
Disaccharidases located at the intestinal brush border
Pancreatic amylase released by the pancreas
Carbohydrases located throughout the intestines
GLUT2 located on the basolateral surface
a.
Which is an exopeptidase?
Trypsin
Pepsin
Chymotrypsin
Aminopeptidase
d.
Which vitamin must be complexed with intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed?
B6
B12
C
D
b.
Which structures do triglycerides, cholesterol, and proteins form inside enterocytes that allow them to be carried in lacteals?
Micelles
Chylomicrons
Emulsions
Bolus
b.
What must be present in the intestinal lumen to activate pancreatic zymogens?
Secretin
Fats and proteins
Trypsin
Acidic pH
c.
A patient has an autoimmune disorder where antibodies attack and lead to destruction of M cells. Which would you expect?
Decreased ability to fight pathogens that enter the GI tract
Ulcerative colitis
Increased macrophage and lymphocyte activity
Increased GALT activity
a.
Which of the following is NOT a similarity between diarrhea and vomiting?
Both can lead to dehydration.
Both can cause fluid and electrolyte imbalances.
Both use reverse peristalsis to remove gastrointestinal contents.
Both can help the gastrointestinal tract get rid of toxic substances such as pathogens.
c.
Which of the following stimulates hunger?
PYY
cholecystokinin (CCK)
Ghrelin
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
c.
Which peptide, secreted by the stomach, increases hunger in humans?
Leptin
Orexins
Ghrelin
Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
c.
Which of the following is NOT a method of measuring metabolic rate?
Carbon dioxide production
Body heat production
Oxygen consumption
ATP production
d.
Which form of energy expenditure is the energy used to move molecules from one side of a membrane to the other?
Heat
Chemical work
Mechanical work
Transport work
d.
Amino acids in the diet that are not used to make proteins can be used in __________.
gluconeogenesis
lipogenesis
glycogenesis
glycogenolysis
a.
What is another name for the fed state that occurs after a meal is consumed?
Catabolic state
Fasted state
Absorptive state
Postabsorptive state
c.
What is the primary site of nutrient pools that are available for immediate use in the body?
Liver
Pancreas
Adipose tissue
Plasma
d.
When the level of the glucose pool falls below normal, which of the following tissues is still able to access glucose from the plasma?
Liver
Brain
Bone
Skeletal muscle
b.
What are the main molecules used for gluconeogenesis?
Nucleic acids
Proteins
Free fatty acids
Amino acids
d.
Which pathway is the opposite of gluconeogenesis?
Glycolysis
Glycogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Lipolysis
a.
