Political, Social, Economical Flashcards
poor governance- corruption (point explain)
ojw factor that causes under development in Africa is a corrupt government. this is where people of political power abuse that power for their own benefit. there are few democracies in Africa, so the government can make unpopular decisions knowing that they cannot be voted out of their power. these decisions may be at the detriment of providing effective public services. corrupt government causes underdevelopment because corrupt practices such as embezzlement leads to the public funds being used on the wrong things which means essential services like healthcare and education are likely to underperform and damage socio-economic outcomes for citizens.
poor governance- incompetence (point explain)
it could be argued that political incompetence rather than corruption is a greater explanation of underdevelopment in Africa. the people in charge of making decisions may not have the required skills or knowledge to effectively run a country and meet the needs of it’s people. these governments can’t be trusted to deliver key services and they after make choices which aren’t in the best interest of the country, holding back it’s development.
poor governance - corruption (example)
for example, the dos Santos family had ruled Angola for decades. the president abused this power to help his family, including his daughter, isabel, who benefited from government control of banks and oils. this earned her the nickname of the richest woman in Africa.
poor governance - incompetence (example)
for example, despite significant oil revenue, Nigeria struggle to translate that into wealth and development due to misallocation of funds to other projects.
Poverty - point, explain
could be argued that one of the main causes of
underdevelopment in Africa is poveriy
Hundreds of mllions of Afric ans struggle to meet their basic need
on a daily basis. Poverty in Africa is a mullifaceted issue rooted in
historic al factors, including colonialism and economic exploitation
Challenges such as inadequate infrastructure, poliical instability
and limited access to education and healthcare contribute to the
persistence of poverty across the continent
Poverty has contributed to underdevelopment because those whc
are in low paid work (or are unemployed) will pay less taxes. This
means that the Government have less money to fund importan
services such as heallh, education and infrastructure development
ensuring that some African nations are held back from their
development potential.
Poverty - example
For example, according to the World Bank globally about 1 in 10
people live in poverty but in Sub-Saharan Africa that rises to about 4
n 10 people (around’ 400 milion). This means that this part of Africa
accounts for over half the world’s population living in poverty.
Debt - Example
For example . Etitrea (146%6 of is GDP), Cabo Verde (120%, ot is GDP)
Mozambique (102 % of its GDP) and Zimbabwe (102 % ot its GDP) have
the hinhest debt levels of African countries, according to the IMF
Debt -point explain
could be argued that one of the main causes of underdevelopment in
Many less economically developed nations have had to borow money
trom richer countries or organisations like the World Bank anc
International Monetary Fund (IMF) to try and fund development. In most
cases, these loans came with high interest rates and strict conditions
attached. This has meant debt repayment has taken priority over
public spending within the country. Debt has lead to underdevelopment as focusing a lot on using the national budget to pay off debt means there’s less money for crucial things like education, healthcare and infrastructure. High levels of debt lead to economic instability and makes it harder for governments to implement development policies, meaning they’re stuck in the cycle of poverty.
Poor Education - point explain
It could be argued that one of the main causes of underdevelopment
in Africa is poor education.
The quality of education varies widely across the continent
Challenges include a lack qualiied teachers, inadequate
[inirastructure, outdated teaching materials and a shortage
le arning resources. Quality issues can reduce the effectiveness of
education in pre paring students for the world of work
Poor education leads to underdevelopment because poorly
educated individuals often face challenges in finding employment or
may end up in low-skilled jobs. This can lead to high levels of
unemployment, contributing to economic stagnation and poverty, as
well as ensuring the government earn less in taxes which impacts
their abilty to develop the country
Poor Education-exampld
example, teachers in Sub-Saharan Africa (SUBSA) are so pooriy
qualiie d that only around 50% of secondary teachers are actually
irained to teach at tihat level. It is no surprise that such countries have
some of the highest levels of poverty when they have such low levels
of quality education.
Gender inequality in education-point explain
Furiher, there are gender inequalities within education that further
contribute to underdevelopment in Afica
Gender inequality is a problem across the wold but it is a major issue
in developing countries where more traditional societies continue to
restrict the rights of women, control their bodies and view them as
interior. This inequality extends to education, where factors such as
cultural norms, early marriage, long distances to schools, and
economic constraints have contributed to lower enrolment rates for
girs compared ○ boys.
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Gender ine qualities in education leads to underdevelopment
because when girls and women are denied access to education
limits their opportunities for economic and social participation.
Gender inequalty can perpetuate cycles of poverty and hinder
overall development.
Gender inequality in education-example
For example, the UN reports that 1/3rd of developing countries do not
have an equal number of giris as boys in school
