Political Self pt.3

Question 1

It has been ?? since the Philippines gained independence from its colonizers, yet it appears that until now, Filipinos still do not have a unified notion or an otherwise clear picture of who or what a Filipino is.

Answer 1

more than a century

Question 2

People’s varied perceptions of what makes one a Filipino also affect how one sees themselves. There are many ways to characterize and define a Filipino –, ?????? and all of these factors affect a person’s political self-concept in varying degrees, depending on how much one identifies with the Filipino identity.

Answer 2

from his
physical attributes
behaviors
values
traits
and customs to his beliefs and practices

Question 3

However, beyond these commonly known traits associated with being a Filipino, the???, which is the supreme law of the land, also provides a picture of who a Filipino is concerning his nation.

Answer 3

Philippine Constitution,

Question 4

In political terms, a Filipino is regarded as a citizen or an inhabitant of a given territory, such as the ??, who exercises civil and political rights within the said territory by this citizenship.

Answer 4

Republic of the Philippines

Question 5

More particularly, Section 1, Article IV of the 1987 Constitution provides:

Section 1. The following are citizens of the:

Answer 5

[1] Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution;
[2] Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines;
[3] Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority; and
[4] Those who are naturalized under the law.

Question 6

Filipinos are either natural-born or naturalized citizens of the Philippines (De Leon 2011). This citizenship may be acquired by ?.

Answer 6

birth (involuntary method) or naturalization (voluntary method)

Question 7

states that children should follow the citizenship of their parents by virtue of their blood relationship.

Answer 7

jus sanguinis

Question 8

states that the person shall acquire the citizenship of the place where he or she was born. The place of birth shall determine one’s nationality, and the citizenship of his or her parents is immaterial.

Answer 8

jus soli

Question 9

Here in the Philippines, we adhere to the ??, as outlined in Section 1 (2) of the aforementioned Constitutional provision.

Answer 9

jus sanguinis principle

Question 10

need not perform any act to acquire such citizenship. If their parents are both Filipinos, then from the moment of their birth, they will automatically acquire Filipino citizenship.

Answer 10

Natural-born citizens

Question 11

pertains to a “judicial act of adopting a foreigner and clothing him with the privileges of a native-born citizen.”

It implies the renunciation of a former nationality and the entry of a similar relation towards a new body of politics.

This means that a foreigner may acquire Filipino citizenship if he wants to, provided that he renounces his former nationality in favor of the new citizenship.

Answer 11

naturalization process

Question 12

This act of renunciation, however, will not automatically grant the foreigner the desired citizenship because it is still subject to certain ?? as prescribed by our Philippine laws

Answer 12

judicial or administrative proceedings

Question 13

Therefore, the Filipino identity can be formed and influenced not only by culture and society but also by the ???, to which the Filipino citizen owes loyalty and allegiance.

Answer 13

nation and its government

Question 14

may also be a factor in forming a national identity. How much one identifies with a nation or government affects one’s political self-concept and further promotes or discourages one’s engagement in the country’s civic and political affairs.

Answer 14

Common citizenship

Question 15

is a mere piece in the puzzle depicting the picture of the Filipino identity. Ideally, citizens of a particular territory should share a common sense of identity hinged on a common language, historical experience, and distinct cultural background.

Answer 15

The existence of a common citizenship

Question 16

A ?? may also be forged through nationalistic sentiments shared among inhabitants of a particular territory.

Answer 16

national identity

Question 17

However, the same case cannot be applied to the Philippines. ?? (2013) argued that Filipinos have a relatively weak sense of nationalism, thereby resulting in a fragmented national identity.

Answer 17

Kaufman

Question 18

Kaufman explained certain factors that may contribute to this rather fragmented identity by applying three known nationalism theories to the Philippine context:

Answer 18

1.Gellner’s modernist approach (1983)
2. The ethno-symbolist approach of Anthony Smith (1998,2009)
3. The sociological approach of Charles Tilly (2005) and Andreas Wimmer (2002)

Question 19

suggests that a shared language as a unifying part of a culture strengthens a national identity.

Answer 19

Gellner’s modernist approach (1983)

Question 20

– views a nation as “a named and self-defined human community whose members cultivate shared myths, memories, symbols, values, and traditions, reside in and identify with a historic homeland, create and disseminate a distinctive public culture, and observe shared customs and common laws” (Smith as cited in Kaufman 2013), and thus, the creation of certain historical stories through these myths and symbols which people can attribute meaning to, can give rise to national identity.

Answer 20

The ethno-symbolist approach of Anthony Smith (1998,2009)

Question 21

posits that national identity emerges from social interactions between governing elites and citizens, where the former affords protection and security to the latter in exchange for government benefits.

Answer 21

The sociological approach of Charles Tilly (2005) and Andreas Wimmer (2002)

Question 22

The??? in the Philippines, or possibly the lack of a dominant primary language, is creating a divide among Filipinos, thus making it more difficult for them to create a unified identity.

Answer 22

diversity of language (dialects)

Question 23

???? also tends to blur a common national history due to conflicting accounts of the revolution and independence of our country from its colonizers. It then becomes difficult to attach meanings and symbols to any such historical experience or milestone without a coherent and unified narrative since these elements are what people must identify with for a sense of national identity to emerge (Kaufman 2013).

Answer 23

The absence of a consistently powerful historical narrative

Question 24

The ??, as briefly discussed and applied by Kaufman (2013) in the Philippine context, suggest that a unified sense of national identity also affects how a person perceives and creates his own identity.

Answer 24

nationalism theories

Question 25

The relatively ?? among Filipinos might be the reason why it is difficult to picture what really makes up a Filipino identity.

Nevertheless, we continue to identify ourselves as Filipinos based on a shared language (no matter how diverse), religion, culture, and history; however, these might have evolved over time.

Answer 25

shaky sense of nationalism

Question 26

The set of values, beliefs, thinking patterns, and behavior practiced by a society and transmitted from one generation to another through time comprises ?. These typified practices and beliefs shared within a group create a sense of identity and foster a feeling of belongingness within the group.

Answer 26

culture

Question 27

??? are inextricably linked as both influences each other on different levels. Culture, both material and nonmaterial, shapes the formation of our identity. Across generations, these typified beliefs and behaviors that make up the Filipino identity were transmitted and are still being practiced.

Answer 27

Culture and identity

Question 28

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Answer 28

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