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Edexcel A Level Politics Paper 1 > Political Parties (Context, Origins, Divisions) > Flashcards

Political Parties (Context, Origins, Divisions) Flashcards

1
Q

What were the first Conservative Party objectives?

A
  • Prevent the country falling too far into inequality.
  • Preserve unity of the kingdom.
  • Pragmatism.
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2
Q

What were the key principles of One Nation conservatism? (6)

A
  • Strong law and order
  • Faith in property and home ownership
  • Tradition
  • Pragmatism
  • Noblesse oblige
  • Organic society
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3
Q

What is Noblesse oblige?

A
  • Those of higher social standing have a moral duty to help those of a lower social standing who have fallen on hard times. Paternalism
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4
Q

What are some neo liberalism ideas?

A
  • High taxation prevents productivity.
  • Welfare benefits create a dependency culture.
  • Trade unions hinder economic development.
  • Markets should not be regulated by the state.
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5
Q

What are principles of neo conservatism?

A
  • Belief in the promotion and advancement of traditional values to ensure stability.
  • Strong law and order in an authoritative state to impose social morality.
  • Nationalism, believing pride and unification is the best way to maintain stability.
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6
Q

What are examples of factions within the Labour Party?

A
  • Compass: 2003, in opposition to Blair by Neil Lawson. Critical friends of Corbyn.
  • Progress: represents New Labour’s ideas and part of labours right wing.
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7
Q

What are examples of factions within the Conservative Party?

A
  • Bright Blue: Continue Cameron’s style social liberalism with concern for environment.
  • Tory Reform Group: one nation tories who are quite left. Oppose Brexit.
  • Cornerstone Traditional values, Christian, nationalist, and reactionary.
  • European Research Group: Eurosceptics Hard right
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8
Q

What are factions within the Liberal Democrats?

A
  • Welfare intervention OR classical liberal free market.
  • Clegg and Cable published ‘Orange Book’ in 2004 arguing for a return to economic liberalism.
  • This was opposed by Simon hughes who favoured a more tax and spend approach.
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9
Q

What is Keynesian economics? (One nation)

A
  • welfare state
  • high employment
  • state intervention
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10
Q

What faction of the conservatives support tradition, family values, and nationalism?

A

Cornerstone
Jacob Rees mogg

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11
Q

What are old labour values?

A
  • Welfarism
  • Centralised state
  • Social justice
  • Collectivism
  • Equality of opportunity
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12
Q

What are some new labour values?

A
  • Individualism > collectivism.
  • Capitalism.
  • Reject class conflict as all have equality through law.
  • ‘Third way’ between socialism and free market.
  • Enabling state.
  • Constitutional reform.
  • Equality of opportunity.
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13
Q

What was the primary idea of the Labour Party?

A

Improve conditions for the working class and to control excesses of capitalism.

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14
Q

What did labour form out of?

A

The trade union movement

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15
Q

What did Blair remove from the Labour constitution?

A

Clause IV- nationalisation / “common ownership”

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16
Q

What are the three factions of the Labour Party?

A
  • Momentum: Corbyn far left
  • Social democrats/blairites: centralist new labour
  • Blue labour: socially conservative
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17
Q

What are the main values of the Liberal Democrats?

A
  • Human rights and democracy
  • The environment
  • Constitutionalism (suspicious of gov power)
  • Social justice and reform
  • Multiculturalism
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18
Q

What did the liberal party emerge from?

A

A coalition between whigs and radicals

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19
Q

How did the Liberal Democrats influence the 2010 coalition?

A

Injected green politics and pupils premium to support school funding.

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20
Q

Why did the electorate punish the Liberal Democrat’s?

A

Raised uni tuition fees

21
Q

What leader lost their seat to SNP?

A

Joe Swinson

22
Q

What are the two fractions of the Liberal Democrat’s?

A
  • Social liberals: former members of labour. Redistribution of income through tax and welfare.
  • Orange book liberals: enhance individual liberties. Neo liberalism, minimal economic interference .
23
Q

What is co-option?

A

When the policies of smaller parties are adopted by major parties.

24
Q

What are SNPs main policies?

A
  • Independence as a sovereign state within the EU.
  • Supports constitutional reforms (second elected chamber, proportional rep, vote for 16).
  • Abolish uni tuition fees.
  • Welfare state.
25
Q

What are some Green Party policies?

A
  • Low cost, environmentally friendly homes financed by gov.
  • Investment in public transportation
  • Uni tuition fees abolished
  • Wealth tax to top 1% of income ladder
  • Living wage of £10 an hour
  • Special tax on large banks
  • Universal basic income of £90 a week
26
Q

What are some impacts of minor parties?

A
  • Rise of small parties led to labours loss.
  • SNP eclipsed main parties in Scotland. Main parties had to support further devolution.
  • UKIP encouraged euroscepticism and reducing immigration.
27
Q

What is the impact of the Green Party?

A
  • Encouraged main parties to adopt radical environmental policies.
  • Became a protest vote.
  • In a coalition with Scotland’s SNP.
28
Q

What is the influence of the SNP?

A
  • Independence ref 2014.
  • Scotland Act 2016 (greater devolved power).
  • Future independence ref.
29
Q

What % of Scotland voted remain in 2016 EU ref?

A

62%

30
Q

What’s the impact of the women’s equality party on other parties?

A
  • Team of campaigners who were survivors of male violence stood as parliamentary candidates against those with SA allegations. 4/5 stood down.
  • Liberal Democrat’s said they’ll adopt their key policies for tackling violence.
31
Q

What was on the 2019 conservative manifesto?

A
  • Not raising income tax, national insurance or VAT.
  • Recruit 10,000 police officers and boost their funding.
  • 10 point plan to unleash green Industrial Revolution.
32
Q

What was in the labour 2019 manifesto?

A
  • Renationalisation of rail ways
  • Real living wage of £10
  • 5% pay rise for public sector jobs
  • Hold a second ref on brexit
33
Q

What was in the Liberal Democrat 2019 manifesto?

A
  • Tax increase to fund NHS
  • Prison a place for rehabilitation
  • 2000 more prison officers
  • Increase number of teachers and £10billion for schools
  • Settle 10000 refugees a year
  • Stop brexit
  • Insulate all low income homes by 2025
34
Q

What did Starmer want to do in his 10 pledges in 2020?

A
  • Increase income tax for top 5%
  • Clamp down tax avoidance for large corporations
  • Common ownership of rail, mail, energy, water
  • Moderate immigration
  • Nationalisation
  • Strengthen workers rights
  • Abolish hofL
35
Q

What were the key policies of May?

A
  • Leg to improve police practice
  • Increase NHS spending
  • Movement of free school meals and breakfast across primary school
  • State pension increase with inflation
  • Cut immigration
36
Q

What were Cameron’s policies?

A
  • Increase private sector share of economy
  • Banking regulation
  • Prevent crime and youth crime
  • Welfare reform bill: benefit cap and universal credit
  • Foreign trade and intervention
  • Greener economy
  • Marriage act 2013
37
Q

What factors effect minor party success?

A
  • Use of proportional representation
  • Concentrated support
  • Media support
  • Popular ideas
  • Charismatic leaders
  • Offers something different
38
Q

What are some failing factors to minor parties?

A
  • Lack of funding
  • Discriminatory electoral system
  • Limited media exposure
  • People feel they are a wasted vote
39
Q

What factors effect a party’s popularity?

A
  • Manifesto
  • Leader
  • Media
  • Wider political context
  • Party unity
  • Opposition
40
Q

What are the functions of parties in the UK?

A
  • Making policy
  • Aggregation: Recognising a wide range of demands and converting them into programmes of action.
  • Representation: Often claim to represent a specific section of society (i.e. the Labour Party representing the working class) Now all main parties claim they represent the national interest.
  • Selecting candidates/leaders
  • Organising elections
  • Political education.
41
Q

What are populist parties?

A

Typically appear and disappear rapidly and claim to represent sections of society who claim to have been ignored by conventional parties – not represented at all.

42
Q

What are the differences between left populist and right populist parties?

A
  • Left populist parties – typically represent poor people and promote liberal ideas.
  • Right populist parties – anti-taxation, anti big business, anti big government.
43
Q

What is the definition of an issue party?

A
  • Represent a particular cause
  • e.g. Green Parties
44
Q

What are left wing policies?

A
  • Policies that conform to socialist policies
  • Redistribution of wealth from rich to poor through taxation & welfare
  • Public ownership & state control of key enterprises
  • Elimination of privilege
    Equal rights & opportunities
45
Q

What are right wing policies?

A
  • Policies that associate with conservatism
  • Promotion of individualism
  • State/gov does not interfere with economic & social issues
  • Low personal taxation, strict position on law & order
  • Stress on patriotism & nationalism
46
Q

What are the definitions of consensus and adversary politics?

A

Consensus= general agreement
Adversary= period of conflict

47
Q

What is consensus politics?

A
  • No fundamental ideological differences between the parties.
  • May disagree on details of a policy but an overall agreement.
  • This can lead to there being more differences in political beliefs WITHIN political parties as there are BETWEEN political parties.
  • In the UK today there is a general consensus on the importance of the NHS and the welfare state.
48
Q

Where has consensus Politics been seen in political history?

A
  • Post War Consensus (1945-1970)
  • Post Thatcher Consensus (1997-2015)
    Core values of Tony Blair so popular – Conservatives & Lib Dems had to accept them.
  • In the UK today there is a general consensus on the importance of the NHS and the welfare state.
49
Q

What were examples of issues which caused tension during the adversary 1979-90 era?

A
  • Privatising publicly owned industries.
  • Legal restrictions on trade unions
  • Council houses sold
  • Higher level income tax reduced

Edexcel A Level Politics Paper 1 (11 decks)

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