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A Level Politics > Political parties > Flashcards

Political parties Flashcards

1
Q

What is an ideology?

A

A coherent set of ideas and values about how the society, the nation or the world should run.

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2
Q

Traditional left wing ideas.

A 
Collectivism
Reduce inequality
Nationalisation
Close relations with trade unions
Multiculturalism
Higher taxes
Liberal
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3
Q

Traditional right wing ideas.

A 
Individual
Free market with no government influence
Limited trade union influence
Privatisation
Shared national identity
Lower taxes
Traditional/conservative
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4
Q

What does pragmatic mean?

A

Does what works or gets the wanted results

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5
Q

What does dogmatic mean?

A

Sticking closely to beliefs and ideas.

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6
Q

What is conservatism?

A

Clear social heirachy
People are individuals who work for their own benefit
Industry should be privately owned
Strong leaders run country

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7
Q

Name an example of conservatism

A

Conservative party 1945-79

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8
Q

What is modern liberalism?

A 
People are individuals and are competitive
Most businesses privately owned
Some industries owned by state
Allowed as much freedom as possible
Everyone has equality of opportunity
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9
Q

What is classical liberalism?

A 
People are competitive
Vote through elections
Work hard for money
Have to make the best of their situation
As free as possible to live their lives as they want
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10
Q

Name an example of classical liberalism.

A

Victorian britain

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11
Q

What is anarchism?

A 
Communities regulate themselves
Should be no state
Achieve goals through community cooperation
No laws and rules
Small groups cooperate with each other
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12
Q

Name an example of anarchism.

A

Catalonia 1936-39

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13
Q

What is socialism?

A

People are naturally cooperative and want to work and live together
State is neutral and can make people equal
Everyone is equal
State runs industry and shares profits with all the people
Big changes should be chosen by people via elections

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14
Q

What is social democracy?

A

People are naturally cooperative and should be relatively equal
State is important for ensuring social justice
Change happens through a democratic system
Equal opportunities
Capitalism needs to be regulated by the state

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15
Q

Name an example of social democracy.

A

Labour party

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16
Q

What is marxism/communism?

A

People are equal but capitalism makes people unequal
Change can occur through violent revolutions
Elections will not be needed
Radical change will be needed to take over industries
State will force decisions at first but eventually people will be happy to make their own

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17
Q

Name an example of marxism.

A

Soviet Union

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18
Q

What is fascism?

A

People compete and the strong defeat the weak
Elections are unecessary
Clear social heirachy
Fascists think their country is the best
Power is based on strength and strong leaders will make the right decisions

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19
Q

Name an example of fascism.

A

Nazi Germany

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20
Q

When did political parties emerge in Britain?

A

18th century

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21
Q

What is a political party?

A

A group with broadly similar views whose purpose is to participate in government by securing the elections of their candidates.

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22
Q

What is a party system?

A

The way parties dominate politics. Nearly all elected officials represent a party and parliaments/assemblies/councils are normally organised based on parties.

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23
Q

What are factions?

A

Different wings of a party

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24
Q

What is factionalism?

A

The idea that the groups will inevitably fight each other and there will be an unhealthy struggle between factions.

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25
Q

What is consensus politics?

A

That there are many philosophical and policy similarities between the main political party.

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26
Q

What is adversarial politics?

A

The idea that main parties are divided by fundamental philosophical and policy differences.

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27
Q

What is a manifesto?

A

It sets out what a political party seeks to achieve if it is able to form a government.

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28
Q

When are manifesto’s published?

A

During the general election campaign.

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29
Q

What is a mandate?

A

If a political party wins a general election it can be said to have a mandate to govern the country.
This means that it has the authority to try to enact its manifest commitments.

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30
Q

Name six functions of political parties.

A

Represent the views of the voters
Campaign in elections
Make a manifesto based on the party’s idead and aims
Select candidates to contest elections
Winning parties provide personnel to government (MP)
Allow a legitimate government- translate public views into effective governments

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31
Q

How much was party spending in the 2019 General Election?

A

£50 million

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32
Q

How much did the Conservatives spend on ther General Election in 2019?

A

£16 million

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33
Q

How much did Labour spend on ther General Election in 2019?

A

£12 million

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34
Q

How much did the Lib Dems spend on ther General Election in 2019?

A

£14 million

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35
Q

How much did the Conservatives recieve during the 2019 campaign?

A

£19 million

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36
Q

How much did Labour recieve during the 2019 campaign?

A

£5.4 million

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37
Q

Name three ways parties are funded.

A

Short Money
Canbourne Money
Policy development grants

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38
Q

What are policy development grants?

A

A grant that allocated £2 million to all of the main parties

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39
Q

What is Short Money?

A 
Short Money (named after Ted Short) is allocated to the opposition parties for their work in the House of Commons based on the number of seats.
The Leader of the Opposition will receive around £800,000
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40
Q

What is Cranbourne Money?

A

Named after Lord Cranbourne, Cranbourne Money subsidises the work of scrutiny carried out by the opposition.

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41
Q

Name two Acts surrounding party funding.

A

2000 Act

2016 Trade Union Act

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42
Q

What is the 2000 Act?

A

States all donations over £7500 must be declared and the donor must be registered to vote in the UK.

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43
Q

What is the 2016 Trade Union Act?

A

Union members must agree to their union using their fees to fund the Labour Party.

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44
Q

Name four scandals surrounding party funding.

A

Pandora papers
Blair/Ecclestone
Foreign Influence
Blair and ‘Cash for Honours’

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45
Q

What are the Pandora Papers?

A

Leaked in October 2021.
The Pandora Papers is a leak of almost 12 million documents that reveals hidden wealth, tax avoidance and, in some cases, money laundering by some of the world’s rich and powerful.
A prominent Tory donor who contributed to Boris Johnson’s leadership campaign was involved in one of Europe’s biggest corruption scandals, which was when he worked on a series of controversial deals for a Swedish telecoms company that was later fined $965m (£700m) in a US prosecution.

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46
Q

What was the Blair and Ecclestone situation?

A

Ecclestone funded the Labour Party in exchange for Blair allowing F1 to have tobacco advertising on the cars for longer than was legal.

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47
Q

What is traditional conservatism?

A

Support a strong monarch and Church of England
Country ruled by aristocracy
Not keen on allowing more people to vote

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48
Q

What is one nationism?

A

Allows more people to vote

Improve living and working conditions for working classes

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49
Q

Conservatives during the post war consensus.

A

Agreed with the welfare state
High taxes
Wanted to reduce the power of trade unions
Prepared to nationalise industries if necessary
Joined EU in 1973
One nation conservatism

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50
Q

Thatcherism and the Conservative party.

A 
Economic liberalism and social conservatism
New Right
Taxation to a minimum
Reduce inflation
Limit influence of trade unions
Give government extensive powers
Discouraging permissive and alternative lifestyles
Strong defence policy
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51
Q

Early history/formation of the Labour Party

A

Formed in 1900
Joining of all the small socialist parties
In 1906 had 29 MPs and became the Labour Party
Lost the 1926 election
Labour became the largest party after the 1929 election
PM in 1929 election (Ramsey McDonald) was expelled after forming a government with the conservatives.

52
Q

Old Labour in the post war consensus.

A

Nationalised industries such as coal mines and gas
Created the NHS in 1948
Set up elements of the welfare state
Withdrew from their empire and India, Burma and Pakistan were all given independence
Redistribution of wealth
Full employment
Trade unions

53
Q

Labour party in the 1970s and 1980s.

A 
Further nationalisation
Increased taxation to the wealthy
Nuclear disarmament
Moved further left due to Michael Foot
In early, 1980s some politicians formed the Social Democrat Party.
54
Q

New Labour in the 1990s and 2000s.

A

Moved left wing socially and right wing economically
Belief in wealth creation instead of redistribution
Abandoned commitment to nationalisation
Preserved Thatcher’s low tax
Introduced tuition fees
Introduced civil partnerships for same sex couples

55
Q

The Conservatives in the 1990s and 2000s

A

Coalition with the Lib Dems
Policy of austerity following the financial crash
Legalised same sex marriage
Brexit
Johnson and May promise to end austerity
Move towards to high taxes and ‘levelling up’

56
Q

Who was the first Labour MP?

A

Keir Hardie

57
Q

Which Conservative PM is associated with one nationism?

A

Benjamin Disraeli in the 1860s

58
Q

Which Labour PMs are associated with the post war consensus?

A

Clement Atlee and Harold Wilson

59
Q

Was Ted Heath associate with one nation conservatism?

A

Yes

60
Q

Name five terms associated with Thatcherism.

A 
Individual responsibility
Privatisation
'Roll back the state'
Anti-welfare
'Family values'
61
Q

What is individual responsibility?

A

Individuals are responsible for paying for their own lives and retirement.
No welfare state

62
Q

What is privatisation?

A

The selling of industries to private companies.

63
Q

What is ‘roll back the state’?

A

Decrease the role of the state-

64
Q

What is anti-welfare?

A

Reducing the welfare state

65
Q

What are ‘family values’?

A

The presentation of the traditional family

66
Q

Who mainly supportes old Labour?

A

Working class

67
Q

Who mainly supports new Labour?

A

Middle class

68
Q

Economy and old Labour.

A

Keynesianism and redistribution of wealth.

69
Q

What is keynesianism?

A

The idea that state intervention is both necessary and justified to prevent the collapse of capitalism.

70
Q

Economy and new Labour.

A

Free market

2000 -> increased spending

71
Q

Welfare state and old Labour.

A

Large welfare state

72
Q

Welfare state and new Labour.

A

Supreme welfare state but emphasis on responsibility.

73
Q

Equality and old Labour.

A

Equality of outcome

74
Q

Equality and new Labour.

A

Equality of opportunity

75
Q

Culture and old Labour.

A

Collectivism

76
Q

Culture and new Labour.

A

More individualism

77
Q

National identity and old Labour.

A

Patriotic and anti immigration

78
Q

National identity and new Labour.

A

Multicultural and with immigration

79
Q

Name two politicians associated with New Labour.

A

Blair

Starmer

80
Q

Name two MPs associated with Old Labour.

A

Prescott

Corbyn

81
Q

Current new Labour position.

A 
Free market economy
Helping the worst off
Pragmatic/realistic
Moderate policies (such as £10 minimum wage)
Traditional social attitudes
82
Q

Current old Labour position.

A

Left wing
Keynesianism and nationalisation
Multiculturalism
Minority groups

83
Q

What are some of Johnson’s Conservative Party’s one nationism ideas?

A 
Pragmatic
Increased NHS funding
Covid spending- this may not be very indicative however
Network Rail nationalisation
Corporation tax slightly raised
Covid regulations
Social views
84
Q

What are some of Johnson’s Conservative Party’s Thatcherist ideas?

A 
Cut universal credit
Brexit
Free trade
Free ports
Against free school meals
85
Q

What is the idealogical position of the Green Party?

A

Left, possibly radical

86
Q

What is the idealogical position of the DUP?

A

Right wing
Socially conservative
Protestant
Unionist

87
Q

What is the idealogical position of Sinn Fein?

A

Left

Republican-> united Ireland

88
Q

What is the idealogical position of Reform UK?

A

Right wing

Nationalist

89
Q

What is the idealogical position of the Liberal Democrats?

A

Centre

Liberal and social democrat

90
Q

What is the idealogical position of Plaid Cymru?

A

Left wing

Welsh nationalist

91
Q

What is the idealogical position of the SNP?

A

Left wing

Scottish nationalists

92
Q

Name the 7 main minority parties.

A 
Green party
DUP
Sinn Fein
Reform UK
Lib Dems
Plaid Cyrmu
SNP
93
Q

Electoral strength of Green Party

A

In 2019 had 2.7% of the vote
53000 members
1 MP- Brighton Pavilion

94
Q

Electoral strength of the DUP.

A 
8 MPs
26 MLAs (members of the NI Assembly) in 2018
95
Q

Electoral strength of Sinn Fein.

A

7 MPs- don’t go to Parliament

96
Q

Why don’t Sinn Fein MPs go to Parliament?

A

Sinn Féin MPs believe that as British political institutions should play no part in governing the people of Ireland, they as MPs should not make decisions on behalf of British people.

97
Q

Electoral strength of Reform UK.

A

Had 2 MPs at one point

In 2015 has 12% of the vote

98
Q

Electoral strength of the Liberal Democrats.

A

2019 had 11% of the vote
11 MPs
Around 90 Lords

99
Q

Electoral strength of Plaid Cyrmu.

A

3 MPs

Welsh Parliament- 13/60 seats

100
Q

How many seats do Labour have in the Welsh Parliament?

A

30

101
Q

How many seats do the Conservatives have in the Welsh Parliament?

A

16

102
Q

Electoral strength of the SNP.

A

45/59 Scottish seats in parliament

64/129 Scottish MPs

103
Q

What is the Welsh Parliament called?

A

The Senedd

104
Q

Which two parties are in co-operation to form a government in the Scottish parliament?

A

SNP and Scottish Greens

105
Q

How many seats do Labour have in the Scottish Parliament?

A

22

106
Q

How many seats do the Conservatives have in the Scottish parliament?

A

31

107
Q

Impact of the Green Party.

A

Set Green agenda

108
Q

Impact of the DUP

A

Supported the Conservatives and gave them a majority in 2017.

109
Q

Impact of Sinn Fein

A

Links to the IRA

Part of the NI executive

110
Q

Impact of Reform UK.

A

Brexit

Nigel Farage

111
Q

Impact of the Liberal Democrats.

A

2010 coalition with the Conservatives

Strongest in the 2000s

112
Q

Impact of Plaid Cymru.

A

Welsh language

Welsh coalition with Labour in the past

113
Q

Impact of the SNP.

A

3rd biggest party in the Commons
2014 independence referendum
Formed the Scottish Government since 2007

114
Q

What are the positives of state funding for parties?

A

Prevent corruption
Helps minor parties
Helps democracy due to more trust

115
Q

What are the negatives of state funding for parties?

A

Free choice- limits democracy?
Public opinion
How should we allocate funding?
How much money?

116
Q

What is a one party dominant system?

A

Only one party has any chance of winning. Rival parties do exist, but are much weaker.

117
Q

Evidence for a one party system in the UK.

A

SNP seem to dominate Scottish politics and have formed the government there since 2007.
There is no clear alternative opposition party who is likely to beat them- split between Labour and Conservatives.
They have 45/59 Scottish seats in Westminster.
They have 64/129 seats in the Scottish Parliament, under a proportional voting system which is designed to make it difficult for one party to win a majority.

118
Q

Evidence against a one party system in the UK.

A

Between 1999-2007, the Scottish Government was run by Labour and Labour/Lib Dem coalitions.
The SNP lost seats in the 2015 and 2016 elections- but have gone back up in recent elections.
Did not win a majority in the Scottish elections of 2021- are in a coalition with the Greens.
The SNP are limited to Scotland and have limited impact on politics for the rest of the UK.

119
Q

What is a two party system?

A

Only two parties have a chance of winning and getting into Parliament and forming a government.

120
Q

Evidence for a two party system in the UK.

A

During most of the 20th century the UK has been dominated by two main political parties- Labour and Conservatives.
In 2017, Conservatives and Labour won 89% of seats- this was their biggest share of the popular vote since 1970.
In 2019, Labour and Conservatives made up 568 MPs out of 650

121
Q

Evidence against a two party system in the UK.

A

In devolved areas other parties can form government for example the SNP in Scotland.
In 2010, there was no majority and so the Conservatives had to form a coalition with the Liberal Democrats.

122
Q

What is a two and a half party system?

A

Two large parties and one medium sized party which may hold the balance of power.

123
Q

Evidence for a two and a half party system in the UK.

A

The Lib Dems holding the balance of power after the 2010 election.
The breakthough of the SNP in the 2015 election.
Success of the Lib Dems in the 90s and 2000s.
Lib Dems have around 90 Lords.

124
Q

Evidence against a two and a half party system in the UK.

A

Coalitions are generally an anomaly in British politics, most elections result in majority governments.
Support for the Lib Dems collapsed post coalition.
SNP has 59 seat limit.

125
Q

What is a multi-party system?

A

Where lots of parties have a chance of winning power.

126
Q

Evidence for a multi-party system in the UK.

A

Power is shared much more equally among the parties in all of the devolved assemblies.
Many smaller parties can have an influence.

127
Q

Evidence against a multi-party system in the UK.

A

Conservatives and Labour still dominate Westminster.
In 2017, Conservatives and Labour won 89% of the seats.
FPTP forces voters towards the two main parties.
Media coverage and funding favours Labour and Conservatives.

A Level Politics (18 decks)

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