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Modern history- Britain > Political issues (1900-1918) > Flashcards

Political issues (1900-1918) Flashcards

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1
Q

what kind of place was Britain in 1900 (5 summary points)

A

high death rates (the death of a chief wage earner, counts as 15.63% of poverty rate)

rent was too expensive (5 shillings out of a typical income of male who earns 24 shillings)

no welfare

high turnover of jobs (high unemployment)

disease (lack of healthcare available)

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2
Q

how many people could vote by 1890

A

5.7 million people

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3
Q

what act effected who could vote in 1900

A

parliamentary reform act 1867

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4
Q

who were the main dominant parties in 1900

A

conservative and liberal

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5
Q

give 3 values and beliefs of the conservative party

A

imperalism (anti-home rule)

traditional family values

institution of the church

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6
Q

who was prime minister and what party was in during 1900

A

Lord Salisbury

conservative

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7
Q

who overtook Lord Salisbury in 1902

A

Arthur Balfour

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8
Q

give 2 groups that were part of the liberal party in 1900

A

non-conformists

chartists

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9
Q

why was it a problem that the liberals had a diverse range of groups within the party

A

divided

too many opinions

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10
Q

why did Balfour become prime minister in 1902

A

Lord Salisbury stepped down as he was against the party’s reform

the only other option was Balfour and Joseph Chamberlain

Chamberlain was not acceptable to many conservatives

Balfour became PM

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11
Q

was Joseph Chamberlain for tariff reform or free trade

A

tariff reform

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12
Q

in 1900 was Britain a free trade or tariff economy

A

free trade

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13
Q

was Balfour for tariff reform or free trade

A

free trade

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14
Q

give 3 reasons for tariff reform

A

money raised could fund social reforms

help modernise Britain

to be able to as successful like countries like USA and Germany who had tariff reform

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15
Q

give 3 reasons against tariff reform

A

it would increase food prices (no working class support)

it would unite liberal opposition

it risked dividing the conservatives

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16
Q

when did Chamberlain launch his tariff reform programme and where was it the most influential

A

Birmingham after his South Africa tour
May 1903

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17
Q

why was America’s economy successful in 1900

A

‘high wage economy’
more self sufficient

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18
Q

what was Balfour’s response to the tariff reform debate

A

he began ‘fence-sitting’

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19
Q

who led the Tariff reform league and when was it set up

A

Chamberlain
1903

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20
Q

what league was set up as support for the free traders and when was it set up

A

Unionist Free Food League
1903

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21
Q

what conservative (as an example) left to the liberal party over the division over tariff reform

A

Churchill

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22
Q

why did Balfour resign without calling a general election

A

he wanted the public to see how divided the liberals were over a complication of home rule, but the plan failed as the liberals were not divided at all and the public would not vote Balfour back in

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23
Q

give 2 examples of social reforms that Balfour implemented between 1902-1905

A

Taff Vale judgement 1901
Education act 1902

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24
Q

give a summary of the taff vale judgement 1901

A

trade unions had to pay £23,000 in damages
affected the strikers to picket (went against legislation in 1871 which made it legal)

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25
Q

give a summary of the education act 1902

A

abolished school boards in England and Wales
reorganised the school system

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26
Q

give 2 ways that Balfour’s government was unsuccessful

A

tariff reform controversy

Chinese slavery scandal

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27
Q

give 3 ways that Balfour’s government was successful

A

social reform acts

navy reformed after Boer War

moved Britain away from diplomatic isolation

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28
Q

give evidence that the liberals won a landslide victory in 1906

A

unionists- 157 seats
liberals- 400 seats

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29
Q

give 6 reasons to why the liberals won a landslide victory in the 1906 general election

A

conservatives failure to pass legislation for the right to strike (Taff vale judgement 1901, reduced working class votes)

lib lab pact

new liberalism appeared at the time of poor national health

Asquith was famous for his speeches

tariff reform division

poor oppositional leader (Balfour)

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30
Q

when was the lib lab pact formed for the first time

A

1906

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31
Q

give 6 reasons to why labour rose in influence since the middle of the 19th century

A

Reform Act of 1867- working men could vote

ILP became prevelent in parliament

labour represented morals which resembled with the wokring class and were prominant at the time

lib lab pact

1906 election- 30 MP’s elected

trade union supporting

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32
Q

give 3 main political ideas of Keir Hardie and how they resembled the morals of the labour party

A

trade union supporter

women’s right to vote

wellbeing of the working class

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33
Q

when did Keir Hardie found the ILP

A

1893

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34
Q

when did the TUC have 2 million followers and what changed in their ideologies

A

1889

included representation of unskilled workers too
became more radical and sociaist

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35
Q

give 3 key ideas of the ILP

A

radical liberalism

trade unionism

non-conformity (christian values)

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36
Q

why could the lib lab be classed as a negative for both the labour and liberal party

A

clashing opinions

less credit to the labour party

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37
Q

give 2 examples of acts that were proposed by labour MP’s but liberals claimed it under themselves due to the lib lab pact

A

Trade Disputes Act 1906

Education (provision of meals) act 1906

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38
Q

give 3 factors that led to the decline of the liberal party in parliament during the years 1906-1914

A

Osbourne Judgement

decline of seats in election (January 1910- 45 MP’s
1914- 36 MP’s)
lack of commitment to socialism

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39
Q

what were the consequences of the Osborne judgement on labour

A

made political contributions illegal

labour used subscriptions paid by members to pay for MP’s

had to wait until 1913 for the act to get reversed

40
Q

summary of how effective the labour party in parliament in early 20th century

A

effective- quick to pass trade dispute act
- 78 candidates in January 1915

not effective- Osborne Judgement
- liberals had more say than labour

41
Q

give a summary of the Trade dispute 1906

A

reversed the Taff Vale act
trade unions involved in strike action would be protected by law from being sued for damages
Campbell-Bannerman accepted the act as his own as it agreed with his and the party’s views

42
Q

between 1910 and the outbreak of WW1, how much did all trade unionist membership grow

A

2.5 million to 4 million

43
Q

by 1914 how many women made up trade unions

A

10%

44
Q

give 3 factors that increased militancy between 1910-1914

A

‘real wages’ were gradually falling owing to increases in the cost of living

less unemployment meaning workers were more willing to confront employers

prices rose particularly steeply in 1911-12

45
Q

give 2 example of strikes in 1910-1913

A

September 1910- August 1911- Tonypandy miners in South Wales

June 1911- Seaman’s union went on strike and the dockers and railwaymen came out on strike in sympathy (2 strikers were shot dead by troops in Liverpool)

46
Q

what did the Disraeli doctrine claim the lords could only use its veto or power to amend bills in (circumstances)

A

when the commons were very divided

public opinions was clearly against the proposal

the act would result in such a fundamental change

47
Q

why would the Disraeli doctrine be a disadvantage to the conservatives

A

many conservatives/ supporters were in the house of lords and therefore couldn’t have that much power

48
Q

how did Campbell-Bannerman (liberal leader) respond to the problem of the house of lords

A

he wanted to curb some powers of the lords

49
Q

give a summary of the Budget of 1909

A

increase in taxation in order to pay for an increase in defence expenditure and spending on social welfare

50
Q

who would object the budget of 1909 act

A

upper class (they had high incomes which would be taxed)

51
Q

describe the events that occurred in the first constituional crisis

A

April 1909- People’s budget introduced
November 1909- house of lords rejected the budget (controversial and called for a general election)
January 1910- liberals had to rely on Irish nationals for support to win (liberals- 175 conservatives- 173)
house of lords passed

52
Q

what act was the second constitutional crisis surrouding

A

Parliament Bill

53
Q

what was the aim of the Parliament Act 1910

A

to reduce the power of the house of lords so they would stop vetoing bills from the elected house of commons

54
Q

describe the events of the second constitutional crisis

A

1910- Parliament Bill created
May 1910- Asquith persuaded the King to introduce more liberal peers into the house of lords to pass the bill, it was agreed as long as another general election could be held
December 1910- general election held (liberals- 272 conservative 272)
May 1911- commons passed the parliament bill

55
Q

who was the leader of the liberal party in 1910

A

Asquith

56
Q

what did the Parliament Act 1911 say

A

house of lords could not interfere with money bills
house of lords could not veto any bulls for up to 2 years
5 years between general elections

57
Q

how was Balfour affected by the constitutional crisis

A

failed campaign that he didn’t want in the first place
criticism of his leadership
led to him stepping down

58
Q

by 1900, how many women could vote and how

A

1 million

1870- elected in school boards
1889- vote in county council elections

59
Q

when was the NSWS formed (women’s suffrage)

A

1868

60
Q

NSWS

what were their priorities?
why did they disband?

A

for women to vote nationally

some left to join the liberal party and some wanted independant

61
Q

NUWSS

who were the key figures?
what were their priorities?
why did they disband?

A

Milicient Fawcett (president until 1919)

some wanted full emancipation of women and others wanted both male and female emancipation but used peaceful actions

formation of WSPU

62
Q

WSPU

who were the key figures?
what were their priorities?
what support did they have?

A

Emmeline Pankhurst

full emancipation of women using violent actions

ILP were split over women’s suffrage (Keir Hardie full support and others against it as they believed in the basic right of voting such as Phillip Snowden)

63
Q

why were politicians willing to give women the vote for local government but not for national parliament? (give 3 reasons)

A

misogny

social and domestic suited women not men

support from women

64
Q

by 1900 how many branches did the NUWSS have

A

400 branches

65
Q

give 3 reasons why parliament failed to pass a women’s suffrage

A

only 60% men could vote by 1900 so no chance for women to vote

Irish held more importance (home rule)

lack of parliamentary time

66
Q

why were some liberals worried about extending the vote to some women?

A

don’t know how the demographic of women would vote (could be in favour of the conservatives due to Property Qualification act)

67
Q

what was the conciliation bill 1910

A

women could vote if they were either a householder or an occupational franchise (only 8% of women)

68
Q

give 2 ways the conciliation bill 1910 was a failure

A

Asquith was angered by militancy

Lloyd George and Pankhurst saw it as giving conservative women the vote not a national women’s vote

69
Q

give 2 acts of militancy performed by the WSPU

A

attacks on property

destruction of mail

70
Q

what was the Franchise Bill 1912 about

A

full suffrage for males

71
Q

what was the constitutional bill 1912 about

A

franchise of all women

72
Q

when was the constitutional bill 1912 introduced

A

19th Feb 1912

73
Q

why was the constitutional bill 1912 defeated (reasons)

A

Irish parliamentary believed women’s vote was to prevent Irish home rule

74
Q

what was the ‘Cat and Mouse’ Act 1913 about

A

temporary discharge of ill prisoners due to the hunger strike to avoid death, once well the sentence would be repeated

75
Q

why was the ‘Cat and Mouse’ Act 1913 heavily criticsed

A

Asquith/liberals in power
‘illberal’ belief

76
Q

when was the first hunger strike that took place

A

5th July 1909

77
Q

what was the voting outcome on the conciliation bill 1910

A

320 for
175 against

78
Q

how was the liberal party effective in women’s suffrage between 1906-1914

A

1907 Qualification act (vote in local boards)

79
Q

give 3 ways Ireland and Britain had tension in the course of the 19th century

A

both very religiously different

1845-1851 potato famine (1 million died of starvation and 2 million emigrated)

different groups within Ireland opposed home rule (e.g. Irish Republican Brotherhood, Irish national party)

80
Q

why was the constitutional crisis such a turning point for the issue of home rule

A

less influence of the house of lords (predominantly conservative) vetoing home rule

less chance of it getting rejected

81
Q

what were the years where the potato famine took place

A

1845- 1851

82
Q

what party in Ireland had seats in parliament and who was it led by

A

Irish National party

Redmond

83
Q

when was Sinn Fein (Irish National Party) established and by who

A

1905

Arthur Griffins

84
Q

why did the December 1910 election benefit the issue of home rule

A

liberals - 272 conservative- 272

liberals had to rely on the Irish nationals in order to win the majority so there was less chance of rejection

85
Q

who was the leader of the labour movement in Ireland and what was his values

A

James Connolly

trade unionist
wanted to Industralise Ireland (restrictions by Britain)
wanted Ireland to be a socialist workers’ republic

86
Q

what was Sinn Fein’s Arthur Griffins views

A

establish seperate parliament in Ireland
peacefully
he wanted capitalism to continue

87
Q

was the Irish Republican Brotherhood peaceful or violent

A

violent

88
Q

what was the third home rule (1912) and what provisions did it make

A

creation of an Irish parliament
‘day to day’ affairs they were in control of
42 Irish MP’s

89
Q

give 3 reasons why the conservatives opposed home rule

A

increased power in parliament for Irish (threatened power)

Ulster was Industralised compared to the rest of Ireland so they wanted to maintained wealth

were imperalistic

90
Q

why did Redmond and nationalists barely accept the 3rd home rule

A

saw it as some change but Ireland was not fully independant

91
Q

was Carson a unionist or Irish nationalist

A

unionist

92
Q

give a summary of Carson

A

1912- set up covenant (protestants against home rule)
1913- formed the Ulster Volenteer force
1914- smuggled 3 million rounds of ammunition into the Irish port of Larne

93
Q

what happened at the incident of Curragh Mutiny

A

British soldiers resigned at the Curragh army base rather than fight the Ulster Unionists

Irish nationals began to smuggle ammunition

caused fear of Civil War

94
Q

when did the incident of Curragh Mutiny occur

A

March 1914

95
Q

what did John Redmond want and what was he leader of

A

Irish Home Rule

Irish Nationalist party

96
Q
A

Modern history- Britain (7 decks)

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