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Modern history- Britain > 1918-1929 > Flashcards

1918-1929 Flashcards

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1
Q

give 2 facts on the effect of war based on human suffering

A

9% of all men under 45 were killed

3.5 million orphans and widows were widows

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2
Q

give 2 facts on the effect of war based on social change

A

broke down class divides

serious decline in housing due to fewer being built yet demand increasing

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3
Q

give 2 facts on the effect of war based on economic damage

A

income tax had risen dramatically to a standard rate of 30% by 1919

unemployment rose from 300,00 to over 1 million by 1920

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4
Q

give 2 facts on the effect of war based on political developments

A

laissez-faire government attitude had disappeared

liberal party decline and labour party increase

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5
Q

what was the representation of the people act 1918

A

universal male suffrage of males over 21

all women over 30 given the right to vote

men who served in the war could vote from the age of 19, those who didn’t serve were barred for 5 years of voting

redistribution of seats (increased working class voices)

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6
Q

who was PM after the war and what party was in power

A

Lloyd George

liberals

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7
Q

what was the result of the Coupon election in December 1918

A

the coalition won a majority and stayed in power for the next 4 years

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8
Q

why did the conservatives and Lloyd George’s national liberals want the coalition to continue after the war (4 reasons)

A

majority of conservatives wanted to carry on coalition

Lloyd George has gained a lot of power

Bonor Law (conservative leader) was no dynamic

both parties didn’t oppose eachother

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9
Q

summarise the results of the December general election 1918

A

conservative are largely united

commons represented all people

liberals still split over coalition

73 empty seats from Sinn Fein

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10
Q

why did Sinn Fein refuse to take up seats in the December 1918 general election

A

refused to swear to the queen

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11
Q

give 3 ways that Lloyd George handled foreign affairs successfully

A

attended lots of League of Nations meetings

Treaty of Versailles (union of allies)

increased Britain’s reputation amongst nations

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12
Q

give 3 ways that Lloyd George handled foreign affairs unsuccessfully

A

new colonisation= increased conflicts

Treaty of Versailles and League of Nations= less focus on domestic affairs

lack of trading between Germany

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13
Q

how involved was Britain in the Russian Revolution and how did Britain stop fighting there

A

Britain needed to intervene with the Bolshevik uprising

Dockers refused to load ammunition onto the ship (Jolly George) going to Poland

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14
Q

what was the Chanak crisis

A

British and French forces in Chanak, Turkey after the Turkish empire was dismantled after WW1, nationalist leader Mustafa Kamel wanted occupational forces out, settled with a treaty signed on the 11th October 1922

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15
Q

give 3 examples of conflict during Lloyd George’s reign (foreign affairs)

A

Iraq
Somao (Japanese attack)
Palestine

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16
Q

give 3 examples of social reforms that were passed under Lloyd George

A

Fishers’ Education act 1918

Addison’s Housing act 1919

Agriculture Act 1920

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17
Q

give details on Fisher’s education act 1918 (3)

A

raised the school leaving age from 12 to 14

increased grants to secondary schools to be built

more scholarships for grammar schools

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18
Q

give details on Addison’s housing act 1919

A

more low rent council houses built

70,000 houses a year aimed to be built

213,000 were built

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19
Q

give details on Agriculture act 1920

A

guarenteed prices for farmers and workers
wages were protected

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20
Q

what was the Geddes Axe 1922 about

A

the government aimed to cut £52 million out of spending (10%) due to the heavy debts from after WW1 and the falling economic trade

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21
Q

how many men were unemployed by 1920

A

700,000

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22
Q

what was the consequence of the Geddes axe 1922

A

housing subsides were ended

controlled wages for farmers ended

coal miners faced longer hours

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23
Q

why had relations between the British government and Ireland deteriated since 1914? (give 3 ways)

A

Easter risings (execution and arrest of the rebels)

rise of Sinn Fein (result of the Easter rising and they demanded full independant)

IRA formed (created by Sinn Fein)

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24
Q

what years was the war of independance (Anglo-Irish war)

A

1919-1921

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25
Q

who were the Black and Tans

A

ex-soldiers
they fought the IRA
their actions were condemned by the US, League of nations and the British press

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26
Q

what was the government of Ireland act 1920 about

A

Lloyd George passed this to partition the north from the south

Sinn Fein rejected it

Ulster step up its own parliament

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27
Q

what was the Anglo Irish treaty about

A

Sinn Fein (Collins) signed the second treaty to make Ireland a free state but northern Ireland a small territory of Britain

Ireland divided

this was unpopular with most of Sinn Fein and nationalists

Collins was murdered

Civil War in Southern Ireland between those for and against

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28
Q

why was Lloyd George criticised for the way he handled the Irish issue (4 ways)

A

blamed for using Black and Tans
claims he encouraged civil war in the south (persuading Collins to sign the treaty)
blamed for dividing Ireland

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29
Q

when was the Black and Tans deployed in the Irish-Anglo war

A

1920

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30
Q

give 3 reasons why Lloyd George became more unpopular in the coalition leading to his downfall

A

became out of touch with the public (lost working class support)

he had ‘un-tory’ policies (Ireland and welfare reform)

honours scandal

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31
Q

why is the honours scandal classed as a factor for the downfall for Lloyd George

A

he paid people for his support

e.g. £10,000 for a knighthood

shows poor leadership

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32
Q

when was the Carlton club meeting held

A

October 1922

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33
Q

what happened at the Carlton Club meeting

A

backbench MP’s and junior ministers had had enough

Baldwin made an effective speech against Lloyd George

Bonor Law refused to help Lloyd George

187 to 87

Lloyd George resigned

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34
Q

how was 1921 a crisis year in terms of the economy and government cuts

A

government was in substantial debt

unemployment rose above 1 million between 1920-21

June 1921- 2 million unemployed

Geddes axe set to cut 12% of cuts

35
Q

how was 1921 a crisis year in terms of the worsening relations in industry

A

‘red revolution feared’

70,000 workers on strike in Glasgow

86 million working days lost

36
Q

how was 1921 a crisis year in terms of Bonor Law resigning

A

Lloyd George only had good relations with the conservatives as he had a good relationship with Bonor Law, so reduced the popularity of the coalition

37
Q

what was the outcome of the general election of 1922

A

conservative won (345 seat majoirty)

38
Q

who was the leader of the conservatives in 1922

A

Bonor Law

39
Q

why was Bonor Law replaced as prime minister by Baldwin

A

Bonor Law died of throat cancer 7 months into office

Baldwin was a better option than lord Curzon

40
Q

why did the conservative government of 1923 have so many problems (4 ways)

A

labour opposition had doubled from 63 to 142 in the 1922 general election

largely unfamiliar cabinet

Chamberlain and Birkenhead (leading heads) had formed another party, rather than join conservative coalitionist

lack of working class representation

41
Q

why did Baldwin call an election in January 1924

A

over the issue of tariff reform

42
Q

how long was Baldwin in power for (dates needed)

A

may 1923 to January 1924

43
Q

why was the 1923 conservative government so short lived in term of the political context and background (3 reasons)

A

Baldwin was not a clear leader
labour and liberals were increasing in reputation
conservatives were divided over the three man coalition

44
Q

why was the 1923 conservative government so short lived in terms of the personalities/people present

A

Baldwin was classed as boring
Baldwin was not the chosen leader of the conservative party, it was Bonor Law
Baldwin had experience in the iron industry

45
Q

what was the result from the December 1923 general election

A

hung parliament
conservative lost its majority
labour won the the election

conservative- 258 seats
labour- 191 seats

46
Q

when was the labour party founded

A

1900

47
Q

why was Asquith (liberal) willing to give conditional liberal support to the labour party in 1924

A

it was a way to push the conservatives from power

he believed the liberals would be able to control the new government as it depended on liberal support to remain in office

48
Q

give 3 reasons why the liberals declined in power

A

liberals split over the coalition

liberal values had been compromised by the government

the party always relied on the Irish nationalists but couldn’t anymore due to Sinn Fien boycotting the houses of parliament in 1922

49
Q

give reasons why labour increased in power

A

working class support as they moved away from the liberals

strong trade union links

labour party had a good war record (played a part in the patriotic war effort)

50
Q

who was the leader of the labour party from January- October 1924

A

MacDonald

51
Q

give 3 aims that Macdoanld had for labour

A

working for world peace (especially between France and Germany) and supporting League of Nations

to show that labour can be a moderate party and to try and not get influenced by the left wing

deal with domestic problems such as the housing crisis

52
Q

give 4 successes of the first labour party

A

attended lots of League of Nation meetings

Unemployment Insurance Act increased benefits

Agriculture Act 1924 ensured that the farm workers wages weren’t cut below a set minimum

Wheatley Housing Act 1924 (set a standard to build 521,000 houses

53
Q

give 4 problems the first labour party faced

A

made a treaty with the USSR that was extremely unpopular with the conservatives and liberals as it showed that Britain was supporting communism (fear of communism

Campbell scandal

Zinoviev letter

MacDonald was a controversial man who was poor at delegating tasks to subordinates, talked behind MP’s backs and was a lonely man who was prone to depression

54
Q

how long did the first labour government last for

A

January to October 1924

55
Q

summarise what the Campbell case was

A

25th July 1924

in the newspaper (Worker’s weekly) Campbell published a letter calling for troops to refuse to act against striking workers

alleged for inciting mutiny

56
Q

summarise what the Zinoviev letter scandal was about

A

4 days before the 29th October 1924 general election

a ridiculous forged letter suppousedly from Zinoviev to the British communist party urging them to support labour

57
Q

summarise the 29th October 1924 general election

A

conservative party won with a first past the post
conservative had 10% increase in votes from the Dec 1923 general election

58
Q

give 4 examples of Baldwin’s policies

A

to keep the conservative party united

to preserve peace both at home and abroad by the coalition

to avoid controversial issues

to incorporate labour into the mainstream of politics

59
Q

give 4 factors of new conservatism

A

combined efficiency
national unity
encourage the labour party
moderate social reform

60
Q

who was the Chancellor of the Exchequer for the conservatives in 1924

A

Churchill

61
Q

why did Baldwin appoint Churchill as the Chancellor of the Exchquer for the conservative in 1924

A

Churchill was for free trade so by appointing him it showed the free traders in the conservative party more representation

62
Q

give 3 policies of Churchill as the Chancellor of the Exchequer

A

worked hard to reduce debt

Ten Year rule (no war for the next 10 years) so insisted in cutting spending on the war

Gold Standard returned in 1925

63
Q

why did Churchill return back to the Gold Standard in 1925 (2 reasons)

A

increased the value of money and worth of pound (now $4.87)
listened to financial advisors

64
Q

who was the minister of health during the conservative reign in 1924

A

Neville Chamberlain

65
Q

summarise Neville Chamberlain as a minister of health

A

proposed a 4 year plan
22/25 acts were passed

66
Q

give 2 examples of acts passed during the reign of Neville Chamberlain as minister of health

A

The Widows, Orphans and Old Age pension Act of 1925
gave pensions to widows, orphans and displaced children and reduced the age to which pensions were paid (65)

Old Poor Law 1834 was diminished

67
Q

what changes did he make to taxes/ rates

A

local taxes went to education, public health, slum clearance, town and county planning

received money from central government in the form of a block grant based on size and particular needs

68
Q

when was the central electricity board set up

A

1926

69
Q

why was the central electricity board set up

A

to rationalise the national supply of electricity which was handicapped by high costs, many local generating stations and varying frequencies

70
Q

give a statistic about the national grid

A

covered the country with pylons, linking 130 generating stations to 630 local plants

71
Q

when was the BBC set up

A

1927

72
Q

what was the Franchise Act 1928

A

the voting age for women was brought into line with that for men (21) and the residence qualification for all was set at 3 months

this increased the electorate from about 22 million to about 29 million

73
Q

give 3 successes in foreign policy under Chamberlain

A

Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928 in which 65 countries outlawed war (April 1928)

still supported league of nations

1926- dominions were declared independent only accepting a common monarch

74
Q

give 3 failures in foreign policy under Chamberlain

A

refused to accept the Geneva Protocol

British now opposed to war (threat of war against France and Germany)

huge debts and lack of dominions help in war

75
Q

give 4 changes to the position of women in the 1920s

A

January 1918- representation of people act (abolished property qualification act)

1923- 8 female MPs

divorce law 1923 (made cheating a reason for divorce)

Sex discrimination act 1920 (illegal for women to be denied a range of professions)

76
Q

what was the Flapper Act 1928

A

the act gave parliamentary vote to women on equal conditions to men, enfranchising women between the ages of 21 and 30

77
Q

when was the Flapper Act passed

A

March 1928

78
Q

give 4 problems for the conservatives in the late 1920

A

the general strike 1926

party was divided

suffered a series of by election defeats (1927)

the lack of effective and imaginative conservative policies to deal with unemployment

79
Q

what were the positives of labour’s policies in the 1929 general election (3 ways)

A

promised public housing and new roads

increased wages would create more spending

move away from communism

80
Q

give 2 negatives of labour’s policies in the 1929 general election

A

didn’t suggest nationalism

prevention to help poor by left wing local council

81
Q

who won the 1929 general election and give a statistic

A

labour

up 151 seats from prior general election

82
Q

give 5 successes from the conservatives during their reign from October 1924-1929

A

22/25 acts passed by the minister of health (e.g. Women, Orphan and pension act and the demolishing of the Poor Law)

Unemployment Insurance Act 1925

Central Electricity Board was set up in 1926

Representation of the people act 1928

Locarno Treaty 1925

83
Q

give 5 negatives from the conservatives during their reign from October 1924-1925

A

unemployment had risen (1924- 1.229 million and in 1929- 1.344 million)

decrease in heavy industry

1927- 6 by-elections had failed

low demand for coal and staple industries

out-of date equipment in industries

Modern history- Britain (7 decks)

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