Policing below the state

Question 1

Context for policing below the state

Answer 1

• communities and informal social controls
• accepting the limitations of the cjs in controlling crime
• neo-liberal policy shifts in 20th century, crtique big government and collective provision of public services
• responsibilised citizenship in wider social/ economic sphere
• responisbilised citizenship in crime control

Question 2

What policing form is new and growing significantly?

Answer 2

community crime prevention

Question 3

What is ‘responsible citizenship’?

Answer 3

• volunteer policing
• neighbourhood watch
• community speed watch
• voluntary patrols
• crime stoppers and terrorism hotline
• guardian angels- organised citizen patrols

Question 4

How many volunteer policing officers are there?

Answer 4

• 20,000 officers
• up 20% since 2010
• increased role in frontline policing

Question 5

How many neighbourhood watch schemes?

Answer 5

• 150,000 schemes nationally
• 4 million households covered

Question 6

How many community speed watch volunteers and groups?

Answer 6

• over 600 trained volunteers
• about 90 local groups

Question 7

What slogan do voluntary patrols go by?

Answer 7

walking with a purpose

Question 8

Information about ‘guardian angels’

Answer 8

• founded in 1979 New York
• safety patrol on public transport
• trained in first aid, conflict resolution and martial arts
• spread across the word but dwindled in recent years

Question 9

Examples of responsible citizens and faith communities

Answer 9

• street pastors
• shromrim ‘guards’

Question 10

What are street pastors?

Answer 10

• founded in 2003
• christian based voluntary scheme
• 9000 volunteers
• 250 schemes
• welfare oriented support to police in night time economy

Question 11

What are shromrim guards?

Answer 11

• started in NY jewish community
• London UK scheme in 3 north London boroughs
• 80 volunteers
• visible patrol
• 24 hour hotline

Question 12

What is autonomous citizenship , when is it used and how?

Answer 12

• vigilantism
• preparing/planning
• private citizens
• use or threat of force
• control in conditions of instability/disorder

Question 13

Examples of autonomous citizenship

Answer 13

• paramilitary policing NI
• anti prostitution patrols
• community response to naming and shaming of suspected paedophiles

Question 14

What policy connections for adaptive strategies does below the state policing involve (garland)?

Answer 14

• move towards preventative partnerships
• the big society and austerity 2010-2019

Question 15

Have we moved towards preventive partnerships in policing?

Answer 15

• crime control sphere - growth of community crime prevention from 1980s onwards
  long history of lay invovlement/ volunteering in cjs

Question 16

What examples of policing for 21st century are policing below the state?

Answer 16

• localising power and funding increased diversity of provision

Question 17

Examples of localising power and funding in policing below the state

Answer 17

• Elected Police and Crime Commissioners (PCCs) from 2012
• Abolition of central targets for police
• Increased local influence over direction and focus of policing

Question 18

Examples of increased diversity of provision for policing below the state

Answer 18

• Growth in special constabulary and Police Service Volunteers
• Increased engagement/encouragement of alternative patrol
  forms such as Street Pastors
• Major cuts in funding to frontline policing

Question 19

Key development in ‘governance below the state’ have increased what?

Answer 19

• the complexity of the policing landscape