Adaptation and punitive control Flashcards
Key criticisms of Garland
- Exaggeration of similarities between US and UK
- The end of rehabilitation?
- The normalisation of high crime rates
- Determinism and ‘apocalyptic’ theories
How does garland exaggerate similarities between US and UK?
- lethal violence: guns in US
- mass imprisonment and capital punishment: US has highest population in the world, UK has no death penalty
- plural cultures of control
What are criticisms of the end of rehabilitation?
- what works agenda in the early 2000s: rehabilitation works
- restorative justice
- ‘rose-tinted’ view of penal-welfarism: doesn’t acknowledge that penal welfarism wasn’t completely positive
What are criticisms for the normalisation of high crime rates?
- falls in crime since mid-1990s
- state still promises crime control
What are criticisms for the determinism and apocalyptic theories?
- self-fulfilling prophecies
- lack of policy agenda: simply describes what’s happening and fails to suggest any fixes
What are the complex and contradictory tendencies in crime control?
- Welfarism
- Justice
- Managerialism
- Populism
What is welfarism? DIRT
- diversion
- intervention
- rehabilitation
- treatment
What is justice? JIP
- just deserts
- individual rights and responsibilities
- proportionality
What is managerialism? PEEV
- performance
- efficiency
- effectiveness
- value for money
What is populism? PCT
- public opinion
- common-sense
- toughness
What is the aim of managerialism?
‘realign power relations within core agencies…… to transform the structures and reorganise in a cost-effective manner the processes of both funding, delivering and imagining the criminal justice’
(McLaughlin 2013)
‘Managerialism’ is used as a broad term covering a range of similar ideas including……?
- the ‘new penology’ (Feeley and Simon 1992)
- new public management (Hood 1991)
- new criminologies of everyday life (Garland 2001)
What makes up the old and new penology?
- Discourses
- Objectives
- Techniques
What are the discourses of the old penology
- just deserts, guilt, blame, rights, responsibilities
- pathology, diagnosis, rehabilitation/treatment
- moral or quasi-medical language
What are the discourses of the new penology?
- actuarial language: statistics, probability, risk
- managerial language: business, costs, efficiency, output
What are the objectives of the old penology?
- delivering justice
- crime control
- reforming offenders via rehabilitation
What are the objectives of the new penology?
- assessing and managing risk
- reducing harm
- improving efficiency
- providing value for money
- achieving performance targets
What are the techniques of the old penology?
- just deserts
- probation, supervision
- diversion schemes
- employment skills training
- CBT
What are the techniques of the new penology?
- statistical techniques
- actuarial modelling
- risk assessment instruments
- new technologies
- new public management
- privatisation
What is new public management? (Hood 1991)
the importation of private sector mentalities/methods into public services e.g. specialist managers, citizens as consumers
What are the new forms of criminological reasoning about crime and punishment? (Garland 2001)
- criminologies of ‘everyday life’
- assumptions of the ‘rational offender’
- focuses on reducing opportunities and ‘rewards’, increases risk for offenders
What is penal populism?
where major political parties compete with each other to be “tough on crime”
- bottoms 1995
Why is the public viewpoint generally punitive?
- low levels of public knowledge about crime
- think crime is rapidly rising
- low levels of confidence in cjs and institutions
- misrepresentation in media
What are the key elements of the punitive turn?
- Growth in severity of sentencing
- focus on rebalancing the criminal justice system
- public attitudes to punishment
- re-emergence of ‘emotive and ostentatious’ punishments
- political rhetoric, media influence and ‘soundbite politics’
