Policies

Question 1

1944 Butler Act

Answer 1

Every child the right to free education up to 15
Introduction of Tripartite system
11+ exam

Question 2

Tripartite System

Answer 2

3 types of school:
Grammar
Technical
Secondary Modern

Question 3

1988 Education Reform Act

Answer 3

Schools marketised - create competition
League tables
OFSTED
National Curriculum

Question 4

League Tables

Answer 4

• parentocracy - chance to see how well schools perform
  competition between schools - drive up standards
• Mass Testing - higher grades = higher on league tables

Question 5

OFSTED

Answer 5

Ensures teachers are doing their job
focus on standards of school
Inspection Framework:
- Quality of education
- Behaviour
- Personal Development
- Management & Leadership

Question 6

National Curriculum

Answer 6

Sets out subjets studied by all schools
Core subjects:
Maths
English
Science

Question 7

1965 Circular Act - Labour Policies

Answer 7

ABOLISH Tripartite system
NO 11+
Introduce Comprehensive schools
LEA’s to reorganise secondary schools

Question 8

Comprehensive Schools

Answer 8

Created to combat inequalities of Tripartite system

- Equal opportunities - Meritocracy

Question 9

Social class & Equality - 1944 Butler Act

Strengths

Answer 9

FREE
All children from lower-class backgrounds given equal opportunity

Question 10

Social class & Equality - 1944 Butler Act

Weaknesses

Answer 10

Postcode Lottery - middle class students live in affluent areas - better schools
Grammar schools created class divisions
streaming - wc in low streams

Question 11

Social class & Equality - 1944 Butler Act

Theories

Answer 11

Bernstein - elaborated codes (students cannot achieve higher marks)
Smith & Noble - Barriers to learning:
Affordability
Technology
Postcode Lottery
Supporting the family

Question 12

Gender & Equality - 1944 Butler Act

Strengths

Answer 12

Equal opportunity

Question 13

Gender & Equality - 1944 Butler Act

Weaknesses

Answer 13

Girls not offered places in Grammar schools despite outperforming
(M. Cohen)
“Boys mature later” - feminism

Question 14

Ethnicity & Equality - 1944 Butler Act

Strengths

Answer 14

Equal Opportunity
no cultural deprivation
Chinese place higher value on education & parents are more involved - Archer and Francis

Question 15

Ethnicity & Equality - 1944 Butler Act

Weaknesses

Answer 15

Postcode Lottery - ethnic minorities live in poorer areas
Material Deprivation - Smith & Noble Barriers to learning
Bernstein - elaborated codes

Question 16

Social class & Equality - 1988 Education Reform Act

Strengths

Answer 16

League tables & marketisation = healthy competition between pupils
Parentocracy

Question 17

Social class & Equality - 1988 Education Reform Act

Weaknesses

Answer 17

Funding - schools higher on league tables + parents choosing - leaves working class with worse schools + teaching
‘Cream skimming’ - choosing higher ability students who cost less to teach
- working class have different experiences in education
- material deprivation
- cultural deprivation - struggle in certain subjects

Question 18

Gender & Equality - 1988 Education Reform Act

Strengths

Answer 18

same opportunities as boys - learn same subjects instead of typical “women roles” - Feminists
Sue Sharpe - ‘Just like a girl’ - change in attitudes
- Girls more likely to achieve A*-C in every GCSE subject except maths

Question 19

Gender & Equality - 1988 Education Reform Act

Weaknesses

Answer 19

feminists - patriachy rules education

Colley - subject choice - women go into lower payed jobs

Question 20

Ethnicity & Equality - 1988 Education Reform Act

Strengths

Answer 20

Cultural capital - some ethnic minorities have low payed jobs but have the cultural capital to help children with school work
Indian minorities - see education system as a blessing

Question 21

Ethnicity & Equality - 1988 Education Reform Act

Weaknesses

Answer 21

O’Donnel - African Caribbean boys percieve the education system as “white dominated”
- National curriculum is Ethnocentric
Madood - Multiculturalism ‘saris and sammosas’ - National curriculum not representative of culture
Black history is ignored - valued paced on British History

Question 22

1997 New Labour

2 sides?

Answer 22

New Right

Social Democratic

Question 23

New Right policies

Answer 23

Specialist schools - offer specific subjects
Vocational courses
Privatisation

Question 24

Social Democratic Policies

Answer 24

Academies introduced to help failing schools
EMA - £30 a week to stay in school
Sure Start - free nursery for poorer children

Question 25

Critisisms of Reform

Answer 25

Extrinsic - focus on grades and not well-being of students
Working class students apply for schools later and are left with limited choice
promotes choice of location but restricted by travel costs

Question 26

1976 New vocationalism

Answer 26

Introduction of vocational education by conservatives

- skill shortage

Question 27

1970 Education policy

Answer 27

compulsory education up to 10

not free

Question 28

Coalition Gov 2010-

Answer 28

academies pushed forward for failing schools
free schools ( set up by religious teachers or parents) - greater control over curriculum
made A levels harder + students to study more subjects at school

Question 29

Coalition Gov & Social class equality
weaknesses

Answer 29

No more EMA’s - helped poorer students
decrease value of vocational subjects
tuition fee rise for higher education
pupil premium money spent on other things instead of support for low income students

Question 30

1975 Race relations act

Answer 30

ethnic minorities not discriminated against