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Toxicology > Poisonous Plants - Exam 2 Part 1 > Flashcards

Poisonous Plants - Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Red Rooted Pig Weed (Amaranthus retroflexus) toxin?

A

nitrates (NO3)

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2
Q

Kochia Weed (scoparia) toxin?

A

nitrates (NO3)

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3
Q

Lambs Quarter (Chenopodium spp.) toxin?

A

nitrates (NO3)

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4
Q

Sudan Grass (Sorgum vulgare) toxin?

A

nitrates (NO3)

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5
Q

Sunflower (Helianthus annus) toxin?

A

nitrates (NO3)

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6
Q

Russian thistle (Salsola kali) toxin?

A

nitrates (NO3)

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7
Q

nitrates (NO3) toxicity MOA:

A

MOA: Plant Nitrate (NO3) in rumen → Nitrite (NO2) which reacts with Hb → Methemoglobin

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8
Q

What are clinical signs for nitrate poisoning?

A

drowsiness, weakness, tremors, staggering gait, tachypnea, tachycardia, brown mucosa (muddy mm) (20% methemoglobin), hypoxic death (80% methemoglobin)

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9
Q

What are dangerous levels of nitrate in feed?

A

forage >1% NO3 dry matter toxic
>0.2% NO3 abortion risk

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10
Q

What is the treatment for nitrate poisoning?

A

Methylene Blue (reduces methemoglobin so Hb can bind O2 and restore body w/ O2)

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11
Q

what enhances nitrate toxicity that you should not supplement your animals with

A

monensin

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12
Q

Sorghum Hybrids - Johnson Grass (Sorghum halepense) toxin?

A

cyanide (prussic acid)

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13
Q

Choke Cherry (Prunus virginiana) toxin?

A

cyanide (prussic acid)

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14
Q

Service berry (Amelanchier alnifolia) toxin?

A

cyanide (prussic acid)

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15
Q

Elderberry (Sambuccus canadensis) toxin?

A

cyanide (prussic acid)

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16
Q

Mountain mahogony (Cercocarpus montanus) toxin?

A

cyanide (prussic acid)

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17
Q

Arrow Grass (Triglochin maritima) toxin?

A

cyanide (prussic acid)

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18
Q

Poison Suckleya (Suckleya suckleyana) toxin?

A

cyanide (prussic acid)

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19
Q

Blue Flax (Linum lewisii) toxin?

A

cyanide (prussic acid)

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20
Q

Bermuda Grass Hybrid (Tifton 85) toxin?

A

cyanide (prussic acid)

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21
Q

Sudan Grass (Sorgum sudanensis) toxin?
species:
MOA:
symptoms:

A

cyanide (prussic acid)
ruminants & horses
chronic exposure to cyanogenic glycosides
urinary incontinence, hindleg weakness, goiter

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22
Q

cyanide (prussic acid) poisoning MOA:

A

MOA: Cyanogenic glycosides hydrolyzed → HCN via glucosidases/hydroxynitrile lyase, HCN binds Fe3+ → inhibits cytochrome c oxidase → prevents utilization of O2 → O2 saturation of Hb & cellular anoxia

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23
Q

What plant components contribute to Cyanide poisoning?

A

Highest toxicity in young rapidly growing plants in cool moist conditions

plant stress (drought, frost, wilting, chewing), water, alkaline pH 6-7 favors conversion

24
Q

What gastric conditions contribute to Cyanide poisoning?

A

alkaline pH (acid reduces conversion)
ruminants > simple stomachs

25
Q

What are clinical signs of cyanide poisoning?

A

Sudden death 1-2 hours, cherry red venous blood immediately after death, dilated pupils, ataxia, muscle tremors/convulsions, tachycardia, acute resp difficulty

lesions such as pink mm, prolonged clotting, generalized congestion, hemorrhage in the heart/lungs

26
Q

What is the treatment for cyanide poisoning in livestock?

A

Sodium Thiosulfate
IV Sodium Nitrite or inhaled Amyl Nitrite

27
Q

What is the treatment for cyanide poisoning in dogs?

A

Hydroxocobalamin (vitamin B12a) IV

28
Q

Larkspur MOA

A

Methyllycaconitine (dominant MSAL-type) blocks nAChR at the NMJ

29
Q

Larkspur clinical signs

A

sudden death 3-4 hours, muscular weakness, staggering gait, tachycardia, sternal then lateral recumbency, death from neuromuscular paralysis and/or bloat

30
Q

Larkspur treatment:

A

treatment:
- minimize stress, place head/chest uphill, stomach tube or trochar for bloat
- Neostigmine (AChE inhibitor)

31
Q

larkspur grazing management

A

less sensitive animals in high risk areas
mineral salt supplements

32
Q

Water Hemlock (Cicuta maculata) toxin?

A

toxin: Cicutoxin

33
Q

water hemlock MOA

A

noncompetitive inhibitor of GABA

34
Q

water hemlock clinical signs

A

convulsions, seizures, respiratory failure, sudden death 2-3 hours, violent chewing/tongue biting, bloat, mydriasis

35
Q

water hemlock treatment

A

unlikely –
pentobarbital experimented in sheep
benzodiazepines or barbiturates in humans

36
Q

Death Camas (Zigadenus venenosus) toxin & MOA:

A

toxin: cevanine steroidal alkaloid -
Zygadenine

MOA: alkaloids with hypotensive properties depolarize Na+ channels causing them to remain open resulting in hypotension and cardiovascular collapse → dilate arterioles, constrict veins, irregular heart rate

37
Q

death camas clinical signs

A

salivation, nausea, vomiting, urination/defecation, muscular weakness/staggering, convulsions, coma, death

38
Q

Yew toxin & clinical signs

A

Taxin A, B & Taxane

sudden death, muscle trembling, difficulty breathing, bradycardia, arrhythmias, vomit, diarrhea, convulsions

39
Q

milkweed MOA

A

Na/K ATPase inhibitor resulting in initial increase in cardiac contractility but increase vagal stimulation to slow heart rate

40
Q

foxglove MOA

A

Na/K ATPase inhibitor resulting in initial increase in cardiac contractility but increase vagal stimulation to slow heart rate

41
Q

milkweed clinical signs

A

Sudden death, cardiac arrhythmias, abdominal pain, diarrhea, rapid breathing, cold extremities, rapid/week irregular pulse

42
Q

5 major treatment options for cardiac glycosides

A
  1. emesis
  2. activated charcoal + cathartic
  3. monitor serum K+
  4. IV fluids
  5. anti-arrhythmic drugs (KCl, procainamide, lidocaine, atropine, K2EDTA)
43
Q

Lectins MOA

A

plant glycoproteins that bind to cell surface carbohydrates to facilitate entry into the cells and inhibit ribosomal protein synthesis

44
Q

Lectin toxicity clinical signs

A

1-2 day lag period
initially pyrexia, depression, anorexia, colic
progresses to vomit, weakness, hemorrhagic diarrhea

45
Q

3 plants associated with lectin toxicity

A

castor beans
rosemary pea
black locust

46
Q

Castor Beans (Ricinus communis) toxin:

A

Lectins - Ricin, Ricinine, Ricinoleic Acid

47
Q

Rosary Pea (Abrus precatorius) toxin?

A

Lectins - Abrin

48
Q

Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) toxin?

A

Lectins - Robinin

49
Q

Treatment for Lectin toxicity

A

removal of beans from GI via emesis or laxatives
activated charcoal
fluids, electrolytes
vitamin C

50
Q

Lily of the Valley (Convallaria majalis)
toxin:

A

toxin: Cardiac Glycoside - Convallerin & Convallamarin

51
Q

Avocado (Persea Americana) toxin

A

toxin: Cardiac Glycoside- Persin

52
Q

Oleander (Nerium oleander)
toxin:

A

toxin: Cardiac Glycoside - Oleandrin & Neriin

53
Q

Yellow Oleander (Thevetia peruviana)
toxin:

A

toxin: Cardiac Glycoside - Thevitin, concentrated in fruit

54
Q

Azalea/Rhododendron (Rhododendron spp.) toxin:

A

cardiotoxin - toxin: Grayanotoxins
- can accumulate in honey from bees

55
Q

MOA for grayanotoxins found in rhododendrons and azaleas?

A

inhibit voltage gated Na+ channels

Toxicology (15 decks)

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