Exam 3 - radiology

Question 1

veterinarians main use of radiation

Answer 1

diagnostic x-rays

Question 2

OSHA

Answer 2

onsite services/consulting
decreased accidents in the US workplace
authority to fine facilities for potentially harming employees
authority to inspect facilities if owner is present

Question 3

energy or elementary particles that can propagate through air and transfer energy to matter; energy in transit

energy or particles released during radioactive decay or produced artificially

Answer 3

radiation

Question 4

radiation is of sufficient energy to eject electron; knock e- out of shell

localization is what matters - not that the total energy exchange is low

Answer 4

ionizing radiation

Question 5

main type of ionizing radiation particles

list the other particles

Answer 5

electrons from accelerators

protons, neutrons, alpha particles, heavy charged particles

Question 6

types of electromagnetic ionizing radiation

Answer 6

photons - xrays (extranuclear) & gamma rays (intranuclear)

Question 7

how does ionizing radiation damage mammalian cells

Answer 7

deposition of ionizing radiation at or near DNA

Question 8

radiation mostly causes ____ death but also causes ______

Answer 8

mitotic death (mitotic catastrophe)

apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis, senescence

Question 9

skin changes - reddening of the skin due to vasodilation, erythema are due to ___ effects

Answer 9

early

Question 10

birth defects and cancer are due to ____ effects following low doses of irradiation - job, environment, medical procedures

Answer 10

late - cells live and carry forward the damage, the cells during division die

Question 11

spontaneous process by which the unstable atoms of an element emit or radiate excess energy in the form of particles or waves

Answer 11

radioactivity

Question 12

energy deposited by radiation in mass of material at location of interest

Answer 12

absorbed dose

Question 13

classify if the patient is radioactive or not after these procedures
radiographs
nucmed bone scan
pet CT
MRI
cobalt machines

Answer 13

no
yes
yes
no
machine yes, patient no

Question 13

international unit

Answer 13

Gray

Question 14

what are acute radiation syndromes (ARS)

Answer 14

acute effects following relatively high doses of whole-body irradiation

Question 15

all ARS syndromes are preceded by ______

Answer 15

prodromal radiation syndrome (an effect soon after exposure) which is then followed by a latent period

Question 16

name that syndrome:
death within 48-72 hrs
severe nausea/vomit
incoordination
resp distress
seizures, death
damage to endothelial cells (leakage/edema)
> 50 Gy

Answer 16

cerebrovascular syndrome (incapacitation syndrome)

Question 17

name that syndrome:
death in 3-10 days
exposure > 7 Gy
nausea, vomit, diarrhea
dehydration, wt loss, exhaustion
septicemia, shock, electrolyte imbalance

Answer 17

gastrointestinal syndrome

Question 18

prodromal signs of cerebrovascular syndrome

Answer 18

easy fatigability

Question 19

prodromal signs of GI syndrome

Answer 19

anorexia
vomiting

Question 20

lymphocytes undergo what type of cell death similar to salivary and lacrimal cells

Answer 20

apoptosis

Question 21

name that syndrome:
no signs until latent period
3-8 Gy
destruction of BM stem cells = depletion of RBC, WBC, platelets
chills, fever, bruising, fatigue, oral ulceration and epilation

Answer 21

hematopoietic syndrome

Question 22

when does death occur with hematopoietic syndrome

Answer 22

BEFORE ANEMIA

Question 23

name that syndrome:
> 8 Gy
death ~ 130 days

Answer 23

pulmonary syndrome (rare)

Question 24

name that syndrome:
beta or low energy photons (gamma)
inflam, erythema, dry/moist desquamation, hair follicle damage
immediate burns are thermal
latent phase
lethal or complicate recovery

Answer 24

cutaneous radiation injury (CRI)

Question 25

the largest dose that humans can receive and survive is predicted to ____ subsequent cancers

Answer 25

double

Question 26

Which ARS occurs shortly after whole body radiation exposure and may help predict patient outcome

Answer 26

prodromal syndrome

Question 27

patient radiation dose use what units

Answer 27

Gray

Question 28

radiation worker dose use what units

Answer 28

Sievert (Sv)

Question 29

what is mostly used with veterinarinas and xrays, relative biological effectiveness (RBE) or tissue weighting factor?

Answer 29

RBE

Question 30

The occupational dose for a radiation worker is:

Answer 30

5 rem (50 Sv) /year

Question 31

natural external exposure

Answer 31

cosmic (e.g. sun)
terrestrial (varies by latitude and altitude - dose doubles with each mile above sea level)

Question 32

mechanisms of internal exposure of radiation

Answer 32

ingestion/body tissue (thorium, radium, lead, K-40)
inhalation (radon gas)

Question 33

The most significant reason for increased exposure to the general population over the last 30 years is

Answer 33

Increased use of radiation for medical procedures

Question 34

what diagnostic procedure has the most mSV & rem

Answer 34

body CT then head CT

Question 35

Currently, the primary concern and reason for establishing radiation dose limits for radiation workers is

Answer 35

prevent cancer

Question 36

greatest personal risk?

Answer 36

smoking

Question 37

fetal radiation exposure

Answer 37

0.5 rem (5 mSv)/ gestation period
0.05 rem/month

Question 38

effects on embryo are not observed below ____ rem

Answer 38

10 rem

Question 39

radiation during preimplantation 0-9 days results in…

Answer 39

embryonic death

Question 40

radiation during organogenesis 10 days-6 weeks results in…

Answer 40

teratogenesis

Question 41

radiation during fetal period 6wk -term results in…

Answer 41

growth retardation

Question 42

radiation during fetal period 8-15(25) weeks results in…

Answer 42

mental retardation

Question 43

what should a pregnant person do

Answer 43

declare their pregnancy, but have the right to not declare or to undeclare

Question 44

ALARA responsibilities

Answer 44

time
distance
shielding

Question 45

differences with high energy x-rays

Answer 45

shielded vault required
cannot be in room during treatment