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Emergencies > Poisonings > Flashcards

Poisonings Flashcards

1
Q

Preparations for Poisonings

A
  • Xylazine, Dex, Apomorphine to induce vomiting
  • Activated charcoal +/- cathartic
  • IV Fluids
  • Antidote, if applicable
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2
Q

Poisoning Signs
(8)

A
  • Excitability
  • Ataxia
  • Muscle tremors / Convulsions
  • Salivation / Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Weakness / Depression
  • Ulcers on skin
  • Shock
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3
Q

Objective of Treatment

A

Treat the patient, not the poison
* maintain respiration and preserve vitals
* dilute poison
* remove poison from system
* neutralize with antidote, if applicable

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4
Q

Poisoning Diagnostic Tests

A
  • PCV / TP
  • Urinalysis and SG
  • BUN and BG
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5
Q

Vomiting

When Not To

A
  • Corrosive or petroleum products
  • Poison will cause sedation or seizures
  • It has been 2-4 hours since ingestion
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6
Q

Gastric Lavage

When to do

A
  • Perform if emetics are not effective
  • Patient is unconscious
  • Patient has reduced gag reflex
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7
Q

Gastric Lavage and Vomiting

Accuracy

A

Not guaranteed
* removes only 50% of the stomach contents

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8
Q

Types of Absorbents

A
  • Activated Charcoal
  • Kaopectate
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9
Q

Administrating Absorbents

A

Given in the GI tract to soak up poisons like a sponge

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10
Q

Absorbents

Not Effective For

A
  • Alcohol
  • Xylitol
  • Heavy metals
  • Antifreeze
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11
Q

Fluid Administration

A
  • Intralipids
  • IV Fluids helps dilute the body
  • Frequent urination good for Chocolate and Coffee poisonings
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12
Q

Cathartics

A

Increase the speed of passage of GI contents
* give with first dose of absorbents
* ex: sorbitol and epsom salts

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13
Q

Acetaminophen

Cat vs Dog

A
  • Cats = more sensitive; tissue hypoxia
  • Dogs = liver failure
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14
Q

Acetaminophen

How it affects cats

A
  • Causes tissue hypoxia
  • Red blood cells converted to no longer carry oxygen
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15
Q

Acetaminophen

Cat Symptoms

A
  • Vomiting
  • Depression
  • Edema/swelling of face and paws
  • Dark brown blood, urine, and mm*

*because of the methemoglobin

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16
Q

Acetaminophen Treatment

A
  • Induced vomiting if applicable
  • Vitamin C
  • Oxyglobin
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17
Q

Organophosphate

A
  • Act by increasing parasympathetic activity
  • Cats more sensitive than dogs
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18
Q

Organophosphate Symptoms

A
  • Vomiting / Salivating
  • Diarrhea
  • Small pupils
  • Muscle tremors / Seizures
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19
Q

Organophosphate Treatments

A
  • Atropine, large doses
  • Vomiting if oral and applicable
  • Bath if topical
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20
Q

Pyrethrin / Permethrin

A
  • Insecticide more common than organophosphates
  • Common toxicity in cats
  • Active ingredient for Advantage II
  • “All-Natural”
21
Q

Pyrethrin / Permethrin

Poisoning Symptoms

A
  • Tremors / Muscle twitching
  • Salivating / Vomiting
  • Ataxia

Similar to OP toxicity - have owner bring product in

22
Q

Pyrethrin / Permethrin Treatments

A
  • Valium or Propofol (any anesthetic that controls temors) + methocarbamol
  • Thermal support
  • Fluids - Intralipids
23
Q

Zinc Toxicity Sources

A

Ingestion of
* pennies
* crate screws
* battery covers
* old bird cages

24
Q

Zinc Toxicity Signs

A
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Anorexia
  • Depression
  • Hemolytic Anemia
25
Q

Zinc Toxicity

Hemolytic Anemia

A

Causes kidney damage
* may see red in urine - hemoglobins
* elevated BUN often seen

26
Q

Zinc Toxicity Treatment

A
  • Remove source of zinc via endoscopy (ideal) or surgery
  • Provide fluids support for kidneys
  • Transfusion if anemia is severe
27
Q

Zinc Toxicity Considerations

Post-Treatment

A

Zinc may remain in the system even after removal of foreign body

28
Q

Anticoagulant Rodenticide

A
  • No longer available
  • Prevents Vitamin K recycling
29
Q

Anticoagulant Rodenticide Symptoms

A
  • May be delayed
  • Really variable - bleeding from anywhere
30
Q

Anticoagulant Rodenticide Diagnosis

A

History and Blood Tests
* anemia, but can be mild
* coagulation panel
* PIVKA test

31
Q

Anticoagulant Rodenticide Treatment

A
  • Induce vomiting (if applicable) and give activated charcoal
  • Antidote: Vitamin K
  • Blood transfusion - if symptoms of anemia or bleeding
32
Q

Anticoagulant Rodenticide

Vitamin K Administration

A

Needs to be given at least a week after exposure, depending on the product ingested
* give with a fatty meal

33
Q

Bromethalin Rodenticide

A
  • Causes neurologic issues
  • Decreases conduction of nerve impulses
34
Q

Bromethalin Rodenticide

Symptoms

A

Signs show with 24 hours or up to 2 weeks later
* muscle tremors / seizures
* ataxia
* coma
* paralysis
* death

35
Q

Bromethalin Rodenticide

Treatment

A
  • Induce vomiting, if applicable
  • Fluids
  • Activated charcoal
36
Q

Chocolate Poisoning

A

Active ingrediant is a stimulant, similar to caffeine, leading to toxicity

37
Q

Chocolate Poisoning Symptoms

A

Start within 4-6 hours after ingestion
* vomiting / diarrhea
* restlessness / panting
* elevated HR / abdnormal heart rhythms
* muscle tremors / seizures

38
Q

Chocolate Poisoning Treatment

A

Treat like basic poisoning
* vomiting, if applicable
* activated charcoal
* fluids most important - toxin excreted in urine*

*catheter or frequent walks - can be reabsorbed back into system

39
Q

Xylitol

What it is / What is does

A

Sugar-free products
Causes
* low blood sugar
* liver necrosis

40
Q

Xylitol Treatment

A
  • Vomiting may not help due to product quickly dissolving
  • IV fluids with Dextrose
41
Q

Ibuprofen / NSAID Treatment

A
  • Induce vomiting, if applicable
  • Give activated charcoal
  • Fluid support
  • Diuresis
  • Protect GI tract
  • Intralipids
42
Q

Ibuprofen / NSAID Causes

A
  • Severe vomiting
  • Gastric ulceration
  • Kidney damage
43
Q

Ibuprofen / NSAID Diagnosis

A
  • BUN
  • Creatinine
44
Q

Ibuprofen / NSAID

Treatment - Medications

A
  • Pepcid / Femotidine injection to decrease acid production in stomach
  • Sucralfate to form pastey-like substance, sticks to ulcers on GI mucosa
45
Q

Antifreeze Poisoning

A
  • Takes very little amount
  • Metabolism causes acidosis
  • Metabolism occurs quickly
46
Q

Antifreeze Poisoning Metabolism

A
  • Acidosis occurs
  • Formation of calcium oxalate crystals
  • Crystals go into kidney tubules; no way to dissolve or remove
  • Clog up and prevent urine formation
  • End result is anuric renal failure
47
Q

Antifreeze Poisoning Symptoms

A

Stage 1
* neurological signs
* start within 30 min-12 hours after

Stage 2
* increased HR and RR
* 12-24 hours after

Stage 3
* renal disease
* 24-72 hours after

48
Q

Antifreeze Poisoning

Lab Results

A
  • Increased BUN and Creatinine
  • Acidosis
  • Hyperglycemia
  • Calcium oxalate or hippuric acid crystals in urine
  • Positive in-house ethylene glycol test
49
Q

Antifreeze Poisoning Treatment

A
  • Fluids
  • Treat for seizures
  • Ethanol or Antizol therapy - alter metabolism of ethylene glycol to not form crystals
  • Continue treatment for 36 hours after ingestion

Emergencies (8 decks)

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