points of focus Flashcards
Dobbs and Crano SIT
Aim: investigate factors affecting minimal group paradigm-based discrimination
minimal group study
asked people to justify their in-group favoritism
majority status: less descrimination for out-group
Minority status: more discrimination when made accountable to out group
asking people to justify favouritism changed the prejudice
Conclusion: status of a group as majority or minority affects discrimination
Limited because laboratory experiement
Bandura SCT
whether agression can be learned through observation/immitation
66 boys and girls from stanford univeersity nursery school
level of everyday agression was tested
subjects then grouped depending on their agressivity
Given 10 minutes to play in a room
Group 1 watched an agressive model
Group 2: watched non-agressive model
Group 3: wasn’t shown anything
Then children are led to another room for agression arousal
Results: group 1 were more agressive once in 3rd room
children exibited other acts of agression and reproduced what they saw
Conclusion:
social learning had taken place and the roll model was a factor
Lyons-Padilla
260 first adn second generationm Muslim immigrants in USA between 18-25
correlational study
mental outcome of significant loss (lack of self-worth) was measured
Results 1: (more integrated= less likely to experience significant loss)
Result 2:
If marginalized= more likely to experience significant loss
This shows a risk factor for immigrant youth who struggle to integrate to become radicalized
Additional results:
marginalization not correlated with sympathy for racial interpretation or support for fundamentalist groups.
It is possible that significant loss made them adopt these behaviours
Cheng et al
Globalization on identity development
713 undergraduates from Asia surveyed
attitude and behaviours towards own culture was measured
Results:
Ogitara and Uchira
investigate how a change in values might be influencing the subjective well-being of young japanese students
114 students from two unis
Questionnaire which measured: individualism, number of close friends, subjective well-being, life satisfaction, emotional states
correlation was made
Results:
higher individualism=less happiness
inability to make friends is the reason for lack of happiness
no correlation for americna students
conclusion: spread of western values could have a negative effects on collectivistic cultures.
HM
aim: investigate HM’s memory deficite, structure of memory, function of hippocampus
HM, 27 at the start of the first case study suffered from retrograde and anterograde amnesia
Procedure: recall tests—> childhood, adult life before and after, long term and short-term recall, cognitive abilities
Maze task —> trace the correct route with fingers
Five pointed star where he could only see the reflection of the star and his hand in mirror
Results: forgot all new experiences but remembered a lot before his 16th birthday. Consistent personnality, good language skills, average IQ, normal perception exept form smell
no improvement on maze task
improvement on star tracing task
evidence that the hippocampus plays vital role in transforming STM into LTM.
Glanzer and Cunitz
STM/LTM separate.
Experiement 1: two conditions: 2s and 3s presentation rate of words
results: 3s rate–> more likely remembered first words
2s rate—> last words
Experiement 2: presented with word list and directly afterwards asked to count out loud
condition 1 counted 30s—> fewer of last words
condition 2 counter 10s —>more
Conclusion unable to retane words in STM because of counting out loud step
Therefore the two are separate
results supported the multi-store model of memory
easily replicable design
limitation: eco validity
Results
Barlett
Aim: prove that memory is reconstructive and that schemas influence recall. Influence of culture in schema processing
Method: serial production–> one person repriduces the original story, second person reproduces it ect…
“the war of ghost” legend was used. Participants were asked to read through it twice. Participants didn’t know the aim.
After 15 mins participants were asked o reproduce story from memory.
Findings:
people form western cultures found it difficult to reproduce the story because of it’s unfamiliar style and content
- story became shorter
- yet remained coherent no matter how distorted.
- story became more conventional and retained only details that could be assimilated to shared past experience and cultural background
Conclusion:
Past is reconstructed/fitted into existing schemas
memory is an imaginative reconstructive experience
Weakness: participants could have altered the story because of demand characteristics
Tversky and Kahneman
aim investigate prediction on the base of representativeness
three experimental conditions representing two different scenarios
base rate condition: gives perceived popularity/proba of specialization, humanities in this case
similarity condition: how similar tom w is judged to be to each field, in this case computer science/engineering
likelihood condition: indicates origin of judgement—> representative heuristics in action
Results: likelyhood condition made intuitive judgments based on similarity
Conclusion: representativeness influenced predictions of major
Emotional brain
Sharot et al
three years after 9/11 participants put in fMRI machine whilst presented with word cues alongside with the word summer or September.
Brain were scanned while recording events
Hankel
test the extent to which capturing one’s life events with a camera shapes what one subsequently remembers
2 experiements
27 participants
return for course credits
led on a tour of a museum and during tour asked to photograph some objects and observe objects without taking photos
next day memory was assessed by writtind down name of all objects they remembered and indicate which were photographed or not
then given recognition test, form a screen had to idicate if observed, photographed or new object
Experiement 2:
46 undergraduates, addition of third condition: zooming
Results: photo-taking imparement effect.
rememebered fewer objects and details about the object’s context when photographed. Confirms transactive memory theory
When zoomed subsequent recognition was not impared memories just as strong
People were unable to dismiss the object from memory thereby relying on the external devise of the camera
Passamanti et al
30 healthy individuals unrolled in randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled ATD (acute tryptophan depletion) study. Responses to angry, sad and neutral faces were measured with fMRI, the impact of ATD on fucntional connectivity between PFC and amygdala was measured
Results: data from 19 subjects were available for final analysis
ATD modulated the connectivity between amygdala and PFC regions when processing angry vs neutral and angry vs sad but not sad vs neutral faces.
depleting serotonin (5-HT) reduced the influence of processing angry compared to neutral faces on both the circuits within the PFC and the pathways connecting the PFC and the amygdala.
Thorne et al
Aim: To investigate the role of pheromones on female ratings of male attractiveness.
Method: 32 female undergraduate students were selected for the study via opportunity sampling. Half of the participants were contraceptive pill users. The participants came to the laboratory on two separate occasions based on menstrual cycle phase. During both visits to the lab, participants were asked to rate the attractiveness of male faces. A counter-balanced, repeated measures design was used where the experimental condition involved exposing the females to male axillary secretions believed by the researchers to be pheromones.
Results: There was a significant positive correlation between exposure to male axillary secretions and ratings of attractiveness. There was no effect of menstrual cycle or contraceptive use on ratings of attractiveness.
Conclusion: Exposure to natural male axillary pheromones can significantly enhance female perceptions of various aspects of male attractiveness.
Le doux
